1. Kathinasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā

Nissaggiyesu pana cīvaravaggassa tāva paṭhamasikkhāpade niṭṭhitacīvarasminti sūcikammapariyosānena vā, ‘‘naṭṭhaṃ vā vinaṭṭhaṃ vā daḍḍhaṃ vā cīvarāsā vā upacchinnā’’ti (pārā. 463) imesu vā yena kenaci ākārena niṭṭhite cīvarasmiṃ, cīvarassa karaṇapalibodhe upacchinneti attho. Atthatakathinassa hi bhikkhuno yāva imehākārehi cīvarapalibodho na chijjati, tāva kathinānisaṃsaṃ labhati. Ubbhatasmiṃ kathineti yaṃ saṅghassa kathinaṃ atthataṃ, tasmiñca ubbhate. Tatrevaṃ saṅkhepato kathinatthāro ca ubbhāro ca veditabbo. Ayañhi kathinatthāro nāma bhagavatā purimavassaṃvuṭṭhānaṃ anuññāto, so sabbantimena paricchedena pañcannaṃ janānaṃ vaṭṭati, tasmā yattha cattāro vā tayo vā dve vā eko vā purimavassaṃ upagato, tattha pacchimavassūpagate gaṇapūrake katvā attharitabbaṃ, te ca gaṇapūrakāva honti, ānisaṃse na labhanti, tasmā sace purimavassaṃvuṭṭhānaṃ gahaṭṭhapabbajitesu yo koci dhammena samena cīvaraṃ deti ‘‘iminā kathinaṃ attharathā’’ti (mahāva. 306-309), taṃ khandhake vuttāya ñattidutiyakammavācāya kathinatthārārahassa bhikkhuno dātabbaṃ. Tena tadaheva pañca vā atirekāni vā khaṇḍāni chinditvā saṅghāṭi vā uttarāsaṅgo vā antaravāsako vā kātabbo, sesabhikkhūhipi tassa sahāyehi bhavitabbaṃ, sace katacīvarameva uppajjati, sundarameva. Acchinnāsibbitaṃ pana na vaṭṭati. Tena bhikkhunā sace saṅghāṭiyā attharitukāmo hoti, porāṇikaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ paccuddharitvā navaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ adhiṭṭhahitvā ‘‘imāya saṅghāṭiyā kathinaṃ attharāmī’’ti attharitabbaṃ. Uttarāsaṅgaantaravāsakesupi eseva nayo. Tato tena purimavassaṃvuṭṭhe antosīmāgate bhikkhū upasaṅkamitvā ‘‘atthataṃ, bhante, saṅghassa kathinaṃ, dhammiko kathinatthāro, anumodathā’’ti (pari. 413) vattabbaṃ, therānañca navānañca bahūnañca ekassa ca anurūpaṃ sallakkhetvā vattabbaṃ. Tehipi ‘‘atthataṃ, bhante, saṅghassa kathina’’nti vā ‘‘atthataṃ, āvuso, saṅghassa kathina’’nti vā vatvā ‘‘dhammiko kathinatthāro, anumodāmā’’ti vā ‘‘anumodāmī’’ti vā vattabbaṃ. Purimavassaṃvuṭṭhesupi ye anumodanti, tesaṃyeva atthataṃ hoti kathinaṃ. Te tato paṭṭhāya yāva kathinassubbhārā anāmantacāro, asamādānacāro, yāvadatthacīvaraṃ, gaṇabhojanaṃ, yo ca tattha cīvaruppādo, tasmiṃ āvāse saṅghassa uppannacīvarañcāti ime pañcānisaṃse labhanti, ayaṃ tāva kathinatthāro. Taṃ panetaṃ kathinaṃ ‘‘aṭṭhimā, bhikkhave, mātikā kathinassubbhārāya pakkamanantikā niṭṭhānantikā sanniṭṭhānantikā nāsanantikā savanantikā āsāvacchedikā sīmātikkamanantikā sahubbhārā’’ti (mahāva. 310) evaṃ vuttāsu aṭṭhasu mātikāsu aññataravasena uddharīyati, tattha vitthāravinicchayo samantapāsādikāyaṃ (mahāva. aṭṭha. 310) vuttanayena veditabbo. Iti ‘‘ubbhatasmiṃ kathine’’tiiminā sesapalibodhābhāvaṃ dasseti.

Dasāhaparamanti dasa ahāni paramo paricchedo assāti dasāhaparamo, taṃ dasāhaparamaṃ kālaṃ dhāretabbanti attho. Adhiṭṭhitavikappitesu apariyāpannattā atirekaṃ cīvaranti atirekacīvaraṃ, cīvaraṃ nāma khomaṃ kappāsikaṃ koseyyaṃ kambalaṃ sāṇaṃ bhaṅganti etesaṃ vā tadanulomānaṃ vā aññataraṃ ayamassa jāti, pamāṇato pana taṃ vikappanupagaṃ pacchimaṃ idha adhippetaṃ. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, āyāmato aṭṭhaṅgulaṃ sugataṅgulena caturaṅgulavitthataṃ pacchimaṃ cīvaraṃ vikappetu’’nti (mahāva. 358). Yaṃ pana vuttaṃ ‘‘adhiṭṭhitavikappitesu apariyāpannattā’’ti, ettha ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, ticīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ na vikappetuṃ, vassikasāṭikaṃ vassānaṃ catumāsaṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ tato paraṃ vikappetuṃ, nisīdanaṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ na vikappetuṃ paccattharaṇaṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ na vikappetuṃ, kaṇḍuppaṭicchādiṃ yāva ābādhā adhiṭṭhātuṃ tato paraṃ vikappetuṃ, mukhapuñchanacoḷakaṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ na vikappetuṃ, parikkhāracoḷaṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ na vikappetu’’nti (mahāva. 358) iminā nayena adhiṭṭhātabbavikappetabbatā jānitabbā. Tattha ticīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhahantena rajitvā kappabinduṃ datvā pamāṇayuttameva adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ, tassa pamāṇaṃ ukkaṭṭhaparicchedena sugatacīvarato ūnakaṃ vaṭṭati, lāmakaparicchedena saṅghāṭiyā tāva uttarāsaṅgassa ca dīghato muṭṭhipañcakaṃ, tiriyaṃ muṭṭhittikaṃ, antaravāsako dīghato muṭṭhipañcako, tiriyaṃ dvihatthopi vaṭṭati. Vuttappamāṇato pana atirekañca ūnakañca ‘‘parikkhāracoḷa’’nti adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ. Tattha yasmā ‘‘dve cīvarassa adhiṭṭhānāni kāyena vā adhiṭṭheti, vācāya vā adhiṭṭhetī’’ti vuttaṃ, tasmā purāṇasaṅghāṭiṃ ‘‘imaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ paccuddharāmī’’ti paccuddharitvā navaṃ hatthena gahetvā ‘‘imaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ adhiṭṭhāmī’’ti cittena ābhogaṃ katvā kāyavikāraṃ karontena kāyena vā adhiṭṭhātabbā, vacībhedaṃ katvā vācāya vā adhiṭṭhātabbā. Tatra duvidhaṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ – sace hatthapāse hoti, ‘‘imaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ adhiṭṭhāmī’’ti vācā bhinditabbā. Atha antogabbhādīsu sāmantavihāre vā hoti, ṭhapitaṭṭhānaṃ sallakkhetvā ‘‘etaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ adhiṭṭhāmī’’ti vācā bhinditabbā. Esa nayo uttarāsaṅge ca antaravāsake ca. Nāmamattameva hi viseso. Tasmā sabbāni saṅghāṭiṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ antaravāsakanti evaṃ attano attano nāmeneva adhiṭṭhātabbāni. Sace adhiṭṭhahitvā ṭhapitavatthehi saṅghāṭiādīni karoti, niṭṭhite rajane ca kappe ca ‘‘imaṃ paccuddharāmī’’ti paccuddharitvā puna adhiṭṭhātabbāni. Idañca pana ticīvaraṃ sukhaparibhogatthaṃ parikkhāracoḷaṃ adhiṭṭhātumpi vaṭṭati.

Vassikasāṭikā anatirittapamāṇā nāmaṃ gahetvā vuttanayeneva cattāro vassike māse adhiṭṭhātabbā, tato paraṃ paccuddharitvā vikappetabbā, vaṇṇabhedamattarattāpi cesā vaṭṭati, dve pana na vaṭṭanti. Nisīdanaṃ vuttanayena adhiṭṭhātabbameva, tañca kho pamāṇayuttaṃ ekameva, dve na vaṭṭanti. Paccattharaṇampi adhiṭṭhātabbameva, taṃ pana mahantampi ekampi bahūnipi vaṭṭanti, nīlampi pītakampi sadasampi pupphadasampīti sabbappakārampi vaṭṭati. Kaṇḍuppaṭicchādi yāva ābādho atthi, tāva pamāṇikā adhiṭṭhātabbā, ābādhe vūpasante paccuddharitvā vikappetabbā, sā ekāva vaṭṭati. Mukhapuñchanacoḷaṃ adhiṭṭhātabbameva, taṃ pana ekampi bahūnipi mahantampi vaṭṭatiyeva. Parikkhāracoḷe gaṇanā natthi, yattakaṃ icchati, tattakaṃ adhiṭṭhātabbameva. Thavikāpi parissāvanampi vikappanupagaṃ pacchimapamāṇaṃ ‘‘parikkhāracoḷa’’nti adhiṭṭhātabbameva, bahūnipi ekato katvā ‘‘imāni cīvarāni parikkhāracoḷāni adhiṭṭhāmī’’tiādinā nayena adhiṭṭhātuṃ vaṭṭatiyeva. Mañcabhisi pīṭhabhisi bibbohanaṃ pāvāro kojavoti etesu pana senāsanaparikkhāratthāya dinnapaccattharaṇe ca adhiṭṭhānakiccaṃ natthiyeva. Sabbañca panetaṃ vuttappakārena adhiṭṭhitacīvaraṃ aññassa dānena, acchinditvā gahaṇena, vissāsaggāhena, hīnāyāvattanena, sikkhāpaccakkhānena, kālaṅkiriyāya, liṅgaparivattanena, paccuddharaṇenāti imehi aṭṭhahi kāraṇehi adhiṭṭhānaṃ vijahati. Ticīvaraṃ pana kaniṭṭhaṅgulinakhapiṭṭhippamāṇena chiddenāpi vijahati, tañca kho vinibbedheneva. Sace hi chiddassa abbhantare ekatantupi acchinno hoti, rakkhatiyeva. Tattha saṅghāṭiyā ca uttarāsaṅgassa ca dīghantato vidatthippamāṇassa tiriyantato aṭṭhaṅgulappamāṇassa padesassa orato chiddaṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ bhindati, antaravāsakepi dīghantato etadeva pamāṇaṃ, tiriyantena pana caturaṅgulatā veditabbā. Tiṇṇannampi vuttokāsassa parato na bhindati, tasmā chidde jāte ticīvaraṃ atirekacīvaraṭṭhāne tiṭṭhati, sūcikammaṃ katvā puna adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ. Vassikasāṭikā vassānamāsātikkamenāpi, kaṇḍuppaṭicchādi ābādhavūpasamenāpi adhiṭṭhānaṃ vijahati. Tasmā sā tato paraṃ vikappetabbā. Vikappanalakkhaṇaṃ pana sabbacīvarānaṃ vikappanasikkhāpadeyeva vaṇṇayissāma. Kevalañhi imasmiṃ okāse yaṃ evaṃ anadhiṭṭhitaṃ avikappitañca, taṃ ‘‘atirekacīvara’’nti veditabbaṃ.

Taṃ atikkāmayato nissaggiyaṃ pācittiyanti taṃ yathāvuttajātippamāṇaṃ cīvaraṃdasāhaparamaṃ kālaṃ atikkāmayato etthantare yathā atirekacīvaraṃ na hoti, tathā akrubbato nissaggiyaṃ pācittiyaṃ, tañca cīvaraṃ nissaggiyaṃ hoti, pācittiyaṃ āpatti cassa hotīti attho. Atha vā nissajjanaṃ nissaggiyaṃ, pubbabhāge kattabbassa vinayakammassetaṃ nāmaṃ, nissaggiyamassa atthīti nissaggiyamicceva. Kiṃ taṃ? Pācittiyaṃ. Taṃ atikkāmayato saha nissaggiyena nissaggiyavinayakammaṃ pācittiyaṃ hotīti ayamettha attho. Tañca panetaṃ cīvaraṃ yaṃ divasaṃ uppannaṃ, tassa yo aruṇo, so uppannadivasanissito, tasmā cīvaruppādadivasena saddhiṃ ekādase aruṇuggamane dasāhātikkamitaṃ hoti, taṃ gahetvā saṅghassa vā gaṇassa vā puggalassa vā nissajjitabbaṃ, tatrāyaṃ nayo – saṅghassa tāva evaṃ nissajjitabbaṃ ‘‘idaṃ me, bhante, cīvaraṃ dasahātikkantaṃ nissaggiyaṃ, imāhaṃ saṅghassa nissajjāmī’’ti nissajjitvā ‘‘ahaṃ, bhante, ekaṃ nissaggiyaṃ pācittiyaṃ āpanno, taṃ paṭidesemī’’ti evaṃ āpatti desetabbā. Sace dve honti, ‘‘dve’’ti vattabbaṃ, sace taduttari, ‘‘sambahulā’’ti vattabbaṃ. Nissajjanepi sace dve vā bahūni vā honti, ‘‘imāni me, bhante, cīvarāni dasāhātikkantāni nissaggiyāni, imānāhaṃ saṅghassa nissajjāmī’’ti vattabbaṃ, pāḷiṃ vattuṃ asakkontena aññathāpi vattabbaṃ. Byattena bhikkhunā paṭibalena saṅgho ñāpetabbo ‘‘suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho, ayaṃ itthannāmo bhikkhu āpattiṃ sarati vivarati uttāniṃ karoti deseti, yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, ahaṃ itthannāmassa bhikkhuno āpattiṃ paṭiggaṇheyya’’nti (cūḷava. 239), iminā lakkhaṇena āpattiṃ paṭiggaṇhitvā vattabbo ‘‘passasī’’ti, ‘‘āma passāmī’’ti, ‘‘āyatiṃ saṃvareyyāsī’’ti, ‘‘sādhu suṭṭhu saṃvarissāmī’’ti. Dvīsu pana sambahulāsu vā purimanayeneva vacanabhedo kātabbo. Desitāya āpattiyā ‘‘suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho, idaṃ cīvaraṃ itthannāmassa bhikkhuno nissaggiyaṃ saṅghassa nissaṭṭhaṃ, yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, saṅgho imaṃ cīvaraṃ itthannāmassa bhikkhuno dadeyyā’’ti (pārā. 464) evaṃ nissaṭṭhacīvaraṃ dātabbaṃ, dvīsu bahūsu vā vacanabhedo kātabbo.

Gaṇassa pana nissajjantena ‘‘imāha’’nti vā ‘‘imāni aha’’nti vā vatvā ‘‘āyasmantānaṃ nissajjāmī’’ti vattabbaṃ, āpattippaṭiggāhakenāpi ‘‘suṇantu me āyasmantā, ayaṃ itthannāmo bhikkhu āpattiṃ sarati…pe… deseti, yadāyasmantānaṃ pattakalla’’nti vattabbaṃ, cīvaradānepi ‘‘suṇantu me āyasmantā, idaṃ cīvaraṃ itthannāmassa bhikkhuno nissaggiyaṃ āyasmantānaṃ nissaṭṭhaṃ, yadāyasmantānaṃ pattakallaṃ, āyasmantā imaṃ cīvaraṃ itthannāmassa bhikkhuno dadeyyu’’nti (pārā. 466) vattabbaṃ, sesaṃ purimasadisameva. Puggalassa pana nissajjantena ‘‘imāha’’nti vā ‘‘imāni aha’’nti vā vatvā ‘‘āyasmato nissajjāmī’’ti vattabbaṃ, nissajjitvā ‘‘ahaṃ, bhante, ekaṃ nissaggiyaṃ pācittiyaṃ āpanno, taṃ paṭidesemī’’ti evaṃ āpatti desetabbā. Sace pana navakataro hoti, ‘‘āvuso’’ti vattabbaṃ, tenāpi ‘‘passasī’’ti vā ‘‘passathā’’ti vā vutte ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti vā ‘‘āma āvuso’’ti vā vatvā ‘‘passāmī’’ti vattabbaṃ, tato ‘‘āyatiṃ saṃvareyyāsī’’ti vā ‘‘saṃvareyyāthā’’ti vā vutte ‘‘sādhu suṭṭhu saṃvarissāmī’’ti vattabbaṃ. Evaṃ desitāya āpattiyā ‘‘imaṃ cīvaraṃ āyasmato dammī’’ti dātabbaṃ, dvīsu tīsu vā pubbe vuttānusāreneva nayo veditabbo. Dvinnaṃ pana yathā gaṇassa, evaṃ nissajjitabbaṃ, tato āpattippaṭiggahaṇañca nissaṭṭhacīvaradānañca tesaṃ aññatarena yathā ekena puggalena, tathā kātabbaṃ, idaṃ pana sabbanissaggiyesu vidhānaṃ. Cīvaraṃ patto nisīdananti vatthumattameva hi nānaṃ, parammukhaṃ pana vatthu ‘‘eta’’nti nissajjitabbaṃ. Sace bahūni honti, ‘‘etānī’’ti vattabbaṃ. Nissaṭṭhadānepi eseva nayo. Nissaṭṭhavatthuṃ ‘‘dinnamidaṃ iminā mayha’’nti saññāya na paṭidentassa dukkaṭaṃ, tassa santakabhāvaṃ ñatvā lesena acchindanto sāmikassa dhuranikkhepena bhaṇḍaṃ agghāpetvā kāretabboti.

Vesāliyaṃ chabbaggiye bhikkhū ārabbha atirekacīvaradhāraṇavatthusmiṃ paññattaṃ, ‘‘dasāhaparama’’nti ayamettha anupaññatti, sādhāraṇapaññatti, anāṇattikaṃ, anissajjitvā paribhuñjantassa dukkaṭaṃ, yathā ca idha, evaṃ sabbattha, tasmā naṃ parato na vakkhāma. Dasāhaṃ anatikkantepi atikkantasaññino vematikassa ca dukkaṭaṃ. Atikkante anatikkantasaññinopi vematikassapi nissaggiyaṃ pācittiyameva, tathā anadhiṭṭhitāvikappitaaassajjitaanaṭṭhāvinaṭṭhaadaḍḍhāviluttesu adhiṭṭhitādisaññino. Antodasāhaṃ adhiṭṭhite vikappite vissajjite naṭṭhe vinaṭṭhe daḍḍhe acchinne vissāsena gāhite ummattakādīnañca anāpatti. Ācāravipatti, yathā ca idaṃ, evaṃ ito parānipi, ubhatopātimokkhesupi hi pārājikāni ca saṅghādisesā ca sīlavipatti, sesāpattiyo ācāravipatti, ājīvavipatti vā diṭṭhivipatti vā kāci āpatti nāma natthi. Ājīvavipattipaccayā pana ṭhapetvā dubbhāsitaṃ cha āpattikkhandhā paññattā, diṭṭhivipattipaccayā pācittiyadukkaṭavasena dve āpattikkhandhā paññattāti, idamettha lakkhaṇaṃ, iti vipattikathā idheva niṭṭhitāti, na naṃ ito paraṃ vicārayissāma. Jātippamāṇasampannassa cīvarassa attano santakatā, gaṇanupagatā, chinnapalibodhabhāvo, atirekacīvaratā, dasāhātikkamoti imānettha pañca aṅgāni. Kathinasamuṭṭhānaṃ, akiriyaṃ, nosaññāvimokkhaṃ, acittakaṃ, paṇṇattivajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, ticittaṃ, tivedananti.

Kathinasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.