Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa

Majjhimanikāye

Mūlapaṇṇāsa-aṭṭhakathā

(Paṭhamo bhāgo)

Ganthārambhakathā

Karuṇāsītalahadayaṃ, paññāpajjotavihatamohatamaṃ;

Sanarāmaralokagaruṃ, vande sugataṃ gativimuttaṃ.

Buddhopi buddhabhāvaṃ, bhāvetvā ceva sacchikatvā ca;

Yaṃ upagato gatamalaṃ, vande tamanuttaraṃ dhammaṃ.

Sugatassa orasānaṃ, puttānaṃ mārasenamathanānaṃ;

Aṭṭhannampi samūhaṃ, sirasā vande ariyasaṅghaṃ.

Iti me pasannamatino, ratanattayavandanāmayaṃ puññaṃ;

Yaṃ suvihatantarāyo, hutvā tassānubhāvena.

Majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassa idha majjhimāgamavarassa;

Buddhānubuddhasaṃvaṇṇitassa paravādamathanassa.

Atthappakāsanatthaṃ, aṭṭhakathā ādito vasisatehi;

Pañcahi yā saṅgītā, anusaṅgītā ca pacchāpi.

Sīhaḷadīpaṃ pana ābhatātha vasinā mahāmahindena;

Ṭhapitā sīhaḷabhāsāya, dīpavāsīnamatthāya.

Apanetvāna tatohaṃ, sīhaḷabhāsaṃ manoramaṃ bhāsaṃ;

Tantinayānucchavikaṃ, āropento vigatadosaṃ.

Samayaṃ avilomento, therānaṃ theravaṃsadīpānaṃ;

Sunipuṇavinicchayānaṃ, mahāvihāre nivāsīnaṃ.

Hitvā punappunāgatamatthaṃ, atthaṃ pakāsayissāmi;

Sujanassa ca tuṭṭhatthaṃ, ciraṭṭhitatthañca dhammassa.

Sīlakathā dhutadhammā, kammaṭṭhānāni ceva sabbāni;

Cariyāvidhānasahito, jhānasamāpattivitthāro.

Sabbā ca abhiññāyo, paññāsaṅkalananicchayo ceva;

Khandhādhātāyatanindriyāni ariyāni ceva cattāri.

Saccāni paccayākāradesanā suparisuddhanipuṇanayā;

Avimuttatantimaggā, vipassanābhāvanā ceva.

Iti pana sabbaṃ yasmā, visuddhimagge mayā suparisuddhaṃ;

Vuttaṃ tasmā bhiyyo, na taṃ idha vicārayissāmi.

‘‘Majjhe visuddhimaggo, esa catunnampi āgamānañhi;

Ṭhatvā pakāsayissati, tattha yathābhāsitamatthaṃ’’.

Icceva kato tasmā, tampi gahetvāna saddhimetāya;

Aṭṭhakathāya vijānatha, majjhimasaṅgītiyā atthanti.

Nidānakathā

1. Tattha majjhimasaṅgīti nāma paṇṇāsato mūlapaṇṇāsā majjhimapaṇṇāsā uparipaṇṇāsāti paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahā. Vaggato ekekāya paṇṇāsāya pañca pañca vagge katvā pannarasavaggasamāyogā. Suttato diyaḍḍhasuttasataṃ dve ca suttantā. Padato tevīsuttarapañcasatādhikāni asītipadasahassāni. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Asītipadasahassāni, bhiyyo pañcasatāni ca;

Puna tevīsati vuttā, padamevaṃ vavatthita’’nti.

Akkharato satta akkharasatasahassāni cattālīsañca sahassāni tepaññāsañca akkharāni. Bhāṇavārato asīti bhāṇavārā tevīsapadādhiko ca upaḍḍhabhāṇavāro. Anusandhito pucchānusandhi-ajjhāsayānusandhi-yathānusandhivasena saṅkhepato tividho anusandhi. Vitthārato panettha tīṇi anusandhisahassāni nava ca satāni honti. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Tīṇi sandhisahassāni, tathā navasatāni ca;

Anusandhinayā ete, majjhimassa pakāsitā’’ti.

Tattha paṇṇāsāsu mūlapaṇṇāsā ādi, vaggesu mūlapariyāyavaggo, suttesu mūlapariyāyasuttaṃ. Tassāpi ‘‘evaṃ me suta’’ntiādikaṃ āyasmatā ānandena paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikāle vuttaṃ nidānamādi. Sā panesā paṭhamamahāsaṅgīti sumaṅgalavilāsiniyā dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathāya ādimhi vitthāritā. Tasmā sā tattha vitthāritanayeneva veditabbā.

1. Mūlapariyāyavaggo

1. Mūlapariyāyasuttavaṇṇanā

1. Yaṃ panetaṃ ‘‘evaṃ me suta’’ntiādikaṃ nidānaṃ. Tattha evanti nipātapadaṃ. Metiādīni nāmapadāni. Ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharatīti ettha vīti upasaggapadaṃ, haratīti ākhyātapadanti iminā tāva nayena padavibhāgo veditabbo.

Atthato pana evaṃ-saddo tāva upamūpadesasampahaṃsanagarahaṇavacanasampaṭiggahākāranidassanāvadhāraṇādianekatthappabhedo. Tathāhesa – ‘‘evaṃ jātena maccena kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahu’’nti evamādīsu (dha. pa. 53) upamāyaṃ āgato. ‘‘Evaṃ te abhikkamitabbaṃ, evaṃ te paṭikkamitabba’’ntiādīsu (a. ni. 4.122) upadese. ‘‘Evametaṃ bhagavā, evametaṃ sugatā’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 3.66) sampahaṃsane. ‘‘Evamevaṃ panāyaṃ vasalī yasmiṃ vā tasmiṃ vā tassa muṇḍakassa samaṇakassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsatī’’tiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 1.187) garahaṇe. ‘‘Evaṃ bhanteti kho te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosu’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.1) vacanasampaṭiggahe. ‘‘Evaṃ byākho ahaṃ, bhante, bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.398) ākāre. ‘‘Ehi tvaṃ, māṇavaka, yena samaṇo ānando tenupasaṅkama, upasaṅkamitvā mama vacanena samaṇaṃ, ānandaṃ, appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ puccha – ‘subho māṇavo todeyyaputto, bhavantaṃ ānandaṃ, appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ pucchatī’ti, evañca vadehi sādhu kira bhavaṃ ānando yena subhassa māṇavassa todeyyaputtassa nivesanaṃ, tenupasaṅkamatu anukampaṃ upādāyā’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.445) nidassane. ‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, kālāmā, ime dhammā kusalā vā akusalā vāti? Akusalā, bhante. Sāvajjā vā anavajjā vāti? Sāvajjā, bhante. Viññugarahitā vā viññuppasatthā vāti? Viññugarahitā, bhante. Samattā samādinnā ahitāya dukkhāya saṃvattanti no vā, kathaṃ vo ettha hotīti? Samattā, bhante, samādinnā ahitāya dukkhāya saṃvattanti, evaṃ no ettha hotī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 3.66) avadhāraṇe. Svāyamidha ākāranidassanāvadhāraṇesu daṭṭhabbo.

Tattha ākāraṭṭhena evaṃsaddena etamatthaṃ dīpeti – nānānayanipuṇaṃ anekajjhāsayasamuṭṭhānaṃ atthabyañjanasampannaṃ vividhapāṭihāriyaṃ dhammatthadesanāpaṭivedhagambhīraṃ sabbasattānaṃ sakasakabhāsānurūpato sotapathamāgacchantaṃ tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ sabbappakārena ko samattho viññātuṃ, sabbathāmena pana sotukāmataṃ janetvāpi evaṃ me sutaṃ, mayāpi ekenākārena sutanti.

Nidassanaṭṭhena ‘‘nāhaṃ sayambhū, na mayā idaṃ sacchikata’’nti attānaṃ parimocento evaṃ me sutaṃ, mayāpi evaṃ sutanti idāni vattabbaṃ sakalaṃ suttaṃ nidasseti.

Avadhāraṇaṭṭhena ‘‘etadaggaṃ, bhikkhave, mama sāvakānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ bahussutānaṃ yadidaṃ ānando, gatimantānaṃ, satimantānaṃ, dhitimantānaṃ, upaṭṭhākānaṃ yadidaṃ ānando’’ti (a. ni. 1.219-223) evaṃ bhagavatā, ‘‘āyasmā ānando atthakusalo dhammakusalo byañjanakusalo niruttikusalo pubbāparakusalo’’ti (a. ni. 5.169) evaṃ dhammasenāpatinā ca pasatthabhāvānurūpaṃ attano dhāraṇabalaṃ dassento sattānaṃ sotukamyataṃ janeti ‘‘evaṃ me sutaṃ, tañca kho atthato vā byañjanato vā anūnamanadhikaṃ, evameva na aññathā daṭṭhabba’’nti.

Me-saddo tīsu atthesu dissati. Tathā hissa ‘‘gāthābhigītaṃ me abhojaneyya’’ntiādīsu (su. ni. 81) mayāti attho. ‘‘Sādhu me, bhante bhagavā, saṃkhittena dhammaṃ desetū’’tiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 4.88) mayhanti attho. ‘‘Dhammadāyādā me, bhikkhave, bhavathā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.29) mamāti attho. Idha pana ‘‘mayā suta’’nti ca ‘‘mama suta’’nti ca atthadvaye yujjati.

Sutanti ayaṃ suta-saddo saupasaggo ca anupasaggo ca gamana-vissuta-kilinna-upacitānuyoga-sotaviññeyya-sotadvārānusāraviññātādianekatthappabhedo. Tathā hissa ‘‘senāya pasuto’’tiādīsu gacchantoti attho. ‘‘Sutadhammassa passato’’tiādīsu (udā. 11) vissutadhammassāti attho, ‘‘avassutā avassutassāti’’ādīsu (pāci. 657) kilinnā kilinnassāti attho. ‘‘Tumhehi puññaṃ pasutaṃ anappaka’’ntiādīsu (khu. pā. 7.12) upacitanti attho. ‘‘Ye jhānapasutā dhīrā’’tiādīsu (dha. pa. 181) jhānānuyuttāti attho. ‘‘Diṭṭhaṃ sutaṃ muta’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.241) sotaviññeyyanti attho. ‘‘Sutadharo sutasannicayo’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.339) sotadvārānusāraviññātadharoti attho. Idha panassa sotadvārānusārena ‘‘upadhārita’’nti vā ‘‘upadhāraṇa’’nti vāti attho. Me-saddassa hi mayāti atthe sati ‘‘evaṃ mayā sutaṃ sotadvārānusārena upadhārita’’nti yujjati. Mamāti atthe sati ‘‘evaṃ mama sutaṃ sotadvārānusārena upadhāraṇa’’nti yujjati.

Evametesu tīsu padesu evanti sotaviññāṇādiviññāṇakiccanidassanaṃ. Meti vuttaviññāṇasamaṅgipuggalanidassanaṃ. Sutanti assavanabhāvappaṭikkhepato anūnānadhikāviparītaggahaṇanidassanaṃ. Tathā evanti tassā sotadvārānusārena pavattāya viññāṇavīthiyā nānappakārena ārammaṇe pavattibhāvappakāsanaṃ. Meti attappakāsanaṃ. Sutanti dhammappakāsanaṃ. Ayañhettha saṅkhepo ‘‘nānappakārena ārammaṇe pavattāya viññāṇavīthiyā mayā na aññaṃ kataṃ, idaṃ pana kataṃ, ayaṃ dhammo suto’’ti.

Tathā evanti niddisitabbappakāsanaṃ. Meti puggalappakāsanaṃ. Sutanti puggalakiccappakāsanaṃ. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yaṃ suttaṃ niddisissāmi, taṃ mayā evaṃ sutanti.

Tathā evanti yassa cittasantānassa nānākārappavattiyā nānatthabyañjanaggahaṇaṃ hoti, tassa nānākāraniddeso. Evanti hi ayaṃ ākārapaññatti, meti kattuniddeso, sutanti visayaniddeso. Ettāvatā nānākārappavattena cittasantānena taṃsamaṅgino kattuvisaye gahaṇasanniṭṭhānaṃ kataṃ hoti.

Atha vā evanti puggalakiccaniddeso. Sutanti viññāṇakiccaniddeso. Meti ubhayakiccayuttapuggalaniddeso. Ayaṃ panettha saṅkhepo – mayā savanakiccaviññāṇasamaṅginā puggalena viññāṇavasena laddhasavanakiccavohārena sutanti.

Tattha evanti ca meti ca saccikaṭṭhaparamatthavasena avijjamānapaññatti. Kiñhettha taṃ paramatthato atthi, yaṃ evanti vā meti vā niddesaṃ labhetha? Sutanti vijjamānapaññatti. Yañhi tamettha sotena upaladdhaṃ, taṃ paramatthato vijjamānanti.

Tathā evanti ca meti ca taṃ taṃ upādāya vattabbato upādāpaññatti. Sutanti diṭṭhādīni upanidhāya vattabbato upanidhāpaññatti. Ettha ca evanti vacanena asammohaṃ dīpeti. Na hi sammūḷho nānappakārapaṭivedhasamattho hoti. Sutanti vacanena sutassa asammosaṃ dīpeti. Yassa hi sutaṃ sammuṭṭhaṃ hoti, na so kālantarena mayā sutanti paṭijānāti. Iccassa asammohena paññāsiddhi, asammosena pana satisiddhi. Tattha paññā pubbaṅgamāya satiyā byañjanāvadhāraṇasamatthatā, satipubbaṅgamāya paññāya atthapaṭivedhasamatthatā, tadubhayasamatthatāyogena atthabyañjanasampannassa dhammakosassa anupālanasamatthato dhammabhaṇḍāgārikattasiddhi.

Aparo nayo – evanti vacanena yoniso manasikāraṃ dīpeti, ayoniso manasikaroto hi nānappakārapaṭivedhābhāvato. Sutanti vacanena avikkhepaṃ dīpeti, vikkhittacittassa savanābhāvato. Tathā hi vikkhittacitto puggalo sabbasampattiyā vuccamānopi ‘‘na mayā sutaṃ, puna bhaṇathā’’ti bhaṇati. Yoniso manasikārena cettha attasammāpaṇidhiṃ pubbe ca katapuññataṃ sādheti, sammā apaṇihitattassa pubbe akatapuññassa vā tadabhāvato. Avikkhepena pana saddhammassavanaṃ sappurisūpanissayañca sādheti. Na hi vikkhittacitto sotuṃ sakkoti, na ca sappurise anupassayamānassa savanaṃ atthīti.

Aparo nayo – yasmā evanti yassa cittasantānassa nānākārappavattiyā nānatthabyañjanaggahaṇaṃ hoti, tassa nānākāraniddesoti vuttaṃ. So ca evaṃ bhaddako ākāro na sammā appaṇihitattano pubbe akatapuññassa vā hoti, tasmā evanti iminā bhaddakena ākārena pacchimacakkadvayasampattiṃ attano dīpeti, sutanti savanayogena purimacakkadvayasampattiṃ. Na hi appatirūpadese vasato sappurisūpanissayavirahitassa vā savanaṃ atthi. Iccassa pacchimacakkadvayasiddhiyā āsayasuddhi siddhā hoti. Purimacakkadvayasiddhiyā payogasuddhi. Tāya ca āsayasuddhiyā adhigamabyattisiddhi, payogasuddhiyā āgamabyattisiddhi. Iti payogāsayasuddhassa āgamādhigamasampannassa vacanaṃ aruṇuggaṃ viya sūriyassa udayato yonisomanasikāro viya ca kusalakammassa arahati bhagavato vacanassa pubbaṅgamaṃ bhavitunti ṭhāne nidānaṃ ṭhapento evaṃ me sutantiādimāha.

Aparo nayo – evanti iminā nānappakārapaṭivedhadīpakena vacanena attano atthapaṭibhānapaṭisambhidāsampattisabbhāvaṃ dīpeti. Sutanti iminā sotabbabhedapaṭivedhadīpakena dhammaniruttipaṭisambhidāsampattisabbhāvaṃ. Evanti ca idaṃ yonisomanasikāradīpakaṃ vacanaṃ bhāsamāno – ‘‘ete mayā dhammā manasānupekkhitā diṭṭhiyā suppaṭividdhā’’ti dīpeti. Sutanti idaṃ savanayogadīpakaṃ vacanaṃ bhāsamāno – ‘‘bahū mayā dhammā sutā dhātā vacasā paricitā’’ti dīpeti. Tadubhayenapi atthabyañjanapāripūriṃ dīpento savane ādaraṃ janeti. Atthabyañjanaparipuṇṇañhi dhammaṃ ādarena assuṇanto mahatā hitā paribāhiro hotīti ādaraṃ janetvā sakkaccaṃ dhammo sotabboti.

‘‘Evaṃ me suta’’nti iminā pana sakalena vacanena āyasmā ānando tathāgatappaveditaṃ dhammaṃ attano adahanto asappurisabhūmiṃ atikkamati, sāvakattaṃ paṭijānanto sappurisabhūmiṃ okkamati. Tathā asaddhammā cittaṃ vuṭṭhāpeti, saddhamme cittaṃ patiṭṭhāpeti. ‘‘Kevalaṃ sutamevetaṃ mayā tasseva pana bhagavato vacana’’nti dīpento attānaṃ parimoceti, satthāraṃ apadisati, jinavacanaṃ appeti, dhammanettiṃ patiṭṭhāpeti.

Apica ‘‘evaṃ me suta’’nti attanā uppāditabhāvaṃ appaṭijānanto purimavacanaṃ vivaranto ‘‘sammukhā paṭiggahitamidaṃ mayā tassa bhagavato catuvesārajjavisāradassa dasabaladharassa āsabhaṭṭhānaṭṭhāyino sīhanādanādino sabbasattuttamassa dhammissarassa dhammarājassa dhammādhipatino dhammadīpassa dhammasaraṇassa saddhammavaracakkavattino sammāsambuddhassa vacanaṃ, na ettha atthe vā dhamme vā pade vā byañjane vā kaṅkhā vā vimati vā kattabbā’’ti sabbadevamanussānaṃ imasmiṃ dhamme assaddhiyaṃ vināseti, saddhāsampadaṃ uppādetīti. Tenetaṃ vuccati –

‘‘Vināsayati assaddhaṃ, saddhaṃ vaḍḍheti sāsane;

Evaṃ me sutamiccevaṃ, vadaṃ gotamasāvako’’ti.

Ekanti gaṇanaparicchedaniddeso. Samayanti paricchinnaniddeso. Ekaṃ samayanti aniyamitaparidīpanaṃ. Tattha samayasaddo –

Samavāye khaṇe kāle, samūhe hetudiṭṭhisu;

Paṭilābhe pahāne ca, paṭivedhe ca dissati.

Tathā hissa ‘‘appeva nāma svepi upasaṅkameyyāma kālañca samayañca upādāyā’’ti evamādīsu (dī. ni. 1.447) samavāyo attho. ‘‘Ekova kho, bhikkhave, khaṇo ca samayo ca brahmacariyavāsāyā’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 8.29) khaṇo. ‘‘Uṇhasamayo pariḷāhasamayo’’tiādīsu (pāci. 358) kālo. ‘‘Mahāsamayo pavanasmi’’ntiādīsu samūho. ‘‘Samayopi kho te, bhaddāli, appaṭividdho ahosi, bhagavā kho sāvatthiyaṃ viharati, bhagavāpi maṃ jānissati, ‘bhaddāli, nāma bhikkhu satthusāsane sikkhāya na paripūrakārī’ti, ayampi kho te, bhaddāli, samayo appaṭividdho ahosī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.135) hetu. ‘‘Tena kho pana samayena uggāhamāno paribbājako samaṇamuṇḍikāputto samayappavādake tindukācīre ekasālake mallikāya ārāme paṭivasatī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.260) diṭṭhi.

‘‘Diṭṭhe dhamme ca yo attho, yo cattho samparāyiko;

Atthābhisamayā dhīro, paṇḍitoti pavuccatī’’ti. –

Ādīsu (saṃ. ni. 1.129) paṭilābho. ‘‘Sammā mānābhisamayā antamakāsi dukkhassā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.24) pahānaṃ. ‘‘Dukkhassa pīḷanaṭṭho saṅkhataṭṭho santāpaṭṭho vipariṇāmaṭṭho abhisamayaṭṭho’’tiādīsu (paṭi. ma. 3.1) paṭivedho. Idha panassa kālo attho. Tena saṃvacchara-utu-māsaḍḍhamāsa-ratti-diva-pubbaṇha-majjhanhika-sāyanha- paṭhamamajjhimapacchimayāma-muhuttādīsu kālappabhedabhūtesu samayesu ekaṃ samayanti dīpeti.

Tattha kiñcāpi etesu saṃvaccharādīsu samayesu yaṃ yaṃ suttaṃ yamhi yamhi saṃvacchare utumhi māse pakkhe rattibhāge divasabhāge vā vuttaṃ, sabbaṃ taṃ therassa suviditaṃ suvavatthāpitaṃ paññāya. Yasmā pana ‘‘evaṃ me sutaṃ asukasaṃvacchare asukautumhi asukamāse asukapakkhe asukarattibhāge asukadivasabhāge vā’’ti evaṃ vutte na sakkā sukhena dhāretuṃ vā uddisituṃ vā uddisāpetuṃ vā, bahu ca vattabbaṃ hoti, tasmā ekeneva padena tamatthaṃ samodhānetvā ‘‘ekaṃ samaya’’nti āha.

Ye vā ime gabbhokkantisamayo jātisamayo saṃvegasamayo abhinikkhamanasamayo dukkarakārikasamayo māravijayasamayo abhisambodhisamayo diṭṭhadhammasukhavihārasamayo desanāsamayo parinibbānasamayoti evamādayo bhagavato devamanussesu ativiya suppakāsā anekakālappabhedā eva samayā, tesu samayesu desanāsamayasaṅkhātaṃ ekaṃ samayanti dīpeti. Yo cāyaṃ ñāṇakaruṇākiccasamayesu aruṇākiccasamayo, attahitaparahitapaṭipattisamayesu parahitapaṭipattisamayo, sannipatitānaṃ karaṇīyadvayasamayesu dhammikathāsamayo, desanāpaṭipattisamayesu desanāsamayo, tesupi samayesu aññataraṃ sandhāya ‘‘ekaṃ samaya’’nti āha.

Kasmā panettha yathā abhidhamme ‘‘yasmiṃ samaye kāmāvacara’’nti ca ito aññesu suttapadesu ‘‘yasmiṃ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehī’’ti ca bhummavacanena niddeso kato, vinaye ca ‘‘tena samayena buddho bhagavā’’ti karaṇavacanena, tathā akatvā ‘‘ekaṃ samaya’’nti upayogavacananiddeso katoti. Tattha tathā idha ca aññathā atthasambhavato. Tattha hi abhidhamme ito aññesu suttapadesu ca adhikaraṇattho bhāvenabhāvalakkhaṇattho ca sambhavati. Adhikaraṇañhi kālattho ca samūhattho ca samayo, tattha vuttānaṃ phassādidhammānaṃ khaṇasamavāyahetusaṅkhātassa ca samayassa bhāvena tesaṃ bhāvo lakkhīyati, tasmā tadatthajotanatthaṃ tattha bhummavacananiddeso kato.

Vinaye ca hetuattho karaṇattho ca sambhavati. Yo hi so sikkhāpadapaññattisamayo sāriputtādīhipi dubbiññeyyo, tena samayena hetubhūtena karaṇabhūtena ca sikkhāpadāni paññāpayanto sikkhāpadapaññattihetuñca apekkhamāno bhagavā tattha tattha vihāsi, tasmā tadatthajotanatthaṃ tattha karaṇavacanena niddeso kato.

Idha pana aññasmiñca evaṃjātike accantasaṃyogattho sambhavati. Yañhi samayaṃ bhagavā imaṃ aññaṃ vā suttantaṃ desesi, accantameva taṃ samayaṃ karuṇāvihārena vihāsi, tasmā tadatthajotanatthaṃ idha upayogavacananiddeso katoti.

Tenetaṃ vuccati –

‘‘Taṃ taṃ atthamapekkhitvā, bhummena karaṇena ca;

Aññatra samayo vutto, upayogena so idhā’’ti.

Porāṇā pana vaṇṇayanti – ‘‘tasmiṃ samaye’’ti vā – ‘‘tena samayenā’’ti vā – ‘‘ekaṃ samaya’’nti vā abhilāpamattabhedo esa, sabbattha bhummameva atthoti. Tasmā ‘‘ekaṃ samaya’’nti vuttepi ‘‘ekasmiṃ samaye’’ti attho veditabbo.

Bhagavāti garu. Garuñhi loke ‘‘bhagavā’’ti vadanti. Ayañca sabbaguṇavisiṭṭhatāya sabbasattānaṃ garu, tasmā ‘‘bhagavā’’ti veditabbo. Porāṇehipi vuttaṃ –

‘‘Bhagavāti vacanaṃ seṭṭhaṃ, bhagavāti vacanamuttamaṃ;

Garugāravayutto so, bhagavā tena vuccatī’’ti.

Apica –

‘‘Bhāgyavā bhaggavā yutto, bhagehi ca vibhattavā;

Bhattavā vantagamano, bhavesu bhagavā tato’’ti. –

Imissā gāthāya vasenassa padassa vitthārato attho veditabbo. So ca visuddhimagge buddhānussatiniddese vuttoyeva.

Ettāvatā cettha evaṃ me sutanti vacanena yathāsutaṃ dhammaṃ dassento bhagavato dhammasarīraṃ paccakkhaṃ karoti. Tena – ‘‘nayidaṃ atikkantasatthukaṃ pāvacanaṃ, ayaṃ vo satthā’’ti satthu adassanena ukkaṇṭhitaṃ janaṃ samassāseti.

Ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavāti vacanena tasmiṃ samaye bhagavato avijjamānabhāvaṃ dassento rūpakāyaparinibbānaṃ sādheti. Tena ‘‘evaṃvidhassa nāma ariyadhammassa desako dasabaladharo vajirasaṅghātasamānakāyo, sopi bhagavā parinibbuto, kena aññena jīvite āsā janetabbā’’ti jīvitamadamattaṃ janaṃ saṃvejeti, saddhamme cassa ussāhaṃ janeti.

Evanti ca bhaṇanto desanāsampattiṃ niddisati. Me sutanti sāvakasampattiṃ. Ekaṃ samayanti kālasampattiṃ. Bhagavāti desakasampattiṃ.

Ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharatīti ettha ukkāti dīpikā, tañca nagaraṃ ‘‘maṅgaladivaso sukhaṇo sunakkhattaṃ mā atikkamī’’ti rattimpi ukkāsu ṭhitāsu māpitattā ukkaṭṭhāti vuccati. Daṇḍadīpikāsu jāletvā dhārīyamānāsu māpitattāti vuttaṃ hoti, tassaṃ ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ. Samīpatthe cetaṃ bhummavacanaṃ. Viharatīti avisesena iriyāpathadibbabrahmaariyavihāresu aññataravihārasamaṅgiparidīpanametaṃ. Idha pana ṭhānagamananisinnasayanappabhedesu riyāpathesu aññatarairiyāpathasamāyogaparidīpanaṃ. Tena ṭhitopi gacchantopi nisinnopi sayānopi bhagavā viharaticceva veditabbo. So hi bhagavā ekaṃ iriyāpathabādhanaṃ aññena iriyāpathena vicchinditvā aparipatantaṃ attabhāvaṃ harati pavatteti, tasmā viharatīti vuccati.

Subhagavaneti ettha subhagattā subhagaṃ, sundarasirikattā sundarakāmattā cāti vuttaṃ hoti. Tassa hi vanassa sirisampattiyā manussā annapānādīni ādāya divasaṃ tattheva chaṇasamajjaussave karontā bhogasukhaṃ anubhonti, sundarasundare cettha kāme patthenti ‘‘puttaṃ labhāma, dhītaraṃ labhāmā’’ti, tesaṃ taṃ tatheva hoti, evaṃ taṃ sundarasirikattā sundarakāmattā ca subhagaṃ. Apica bahujanakantatāyapi subhagaṃ. Vanayatīti vanaṃ, attasampadāya sattānaṃ bhattiṃ kāreti, attani sinehaṃ uppādetīti attho. Vanute iti vā vanaṃ, nānāvidhakusuma-gandhasammodamattakokilādivihaṅgamābhirutehi mandamālutacalitarukkhasākhāviṭapapallavapalāsehi ca ‘‘etha maṃ paribhuñjathā’’ti sabbapāṇino yācati viyāti attho. Subhagañca taṃ vanañcāti subhagavanaṃ. Tasmiṃ subhagavane. Vanañca nāma ropimaṃ, sayaṃjātanti duvidhaṃ. Tattha veḷuvanajetavanādīni ropimāni. Andhavanamahāvanaañjanavanādīni sayaṃ jātāni. Idampi sayaṃjātanti veditabbaṃ.

Sālarājamūleti ettha sālarukkhopi sāloti vuccati. Yathāha ‘‘seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, gāmassa vā nigamassa vā avidūre mahantaṃ sālavanaṃ, tañcassa eḷaṇḍehi sañchanna’’nti (ma. ni. 1.225) ‘‘antarena yamakasālāna’’nti ca (dī. ni. 2.195) vanappatijeṭṭhakarukkhopi. Yathāha –

‘‘Taveva deva vijite, tavevuyyānabhūmiyā;

Ujuvaṃsā mahāsālā, nīlobhāsā manoramā’’ti. (jā. 2.19.4);

Yo koci rukkhopi. Yathāha ‘‘atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, māluvabījaṃ aññatarasmiṃ sālamūle nipateyyā’’ti (ma. ni. 1.469). Idha pana vanappatijeṭṭhakarukkho adhippeto. Rājasaddo panassa tameva jeṭṭhakabhāvaṃ sādheti. Yathāha ‘‘suppatiṭṭhitassa kho brāhmaṇa dhammika nigrodharājassā’’ti (a. ni. 6.54). Tattha dvedhā samāso, sālānaṃ rājātipi sālarājā, sālo ca so jeṭṭhakaṭṭhena rājā ca itipi sālarājā. Mūlanti samīpaṃ. Ayañhi mūlasaddo, ‘‘mūlāni uddhareyya, antamaso usiranāḷimattānipī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 4.195) mūlamūle dissati. ‘‘Lobho akusalamūla’’ntiādīsu (dī. ni. 3.305) asādhāraṇahetumhi. ‘‘Yāva majjhanhike kāle chāyā pharati, nivāte paṇṇāni patanti, ettāvatā rukkhamūla’’ntiādīsu samīpe. Idha pana samīpe adhippeto, tasmā sālarājassa samīpeti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo.

Tattha siyā – yadi tāva bhagavā ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharati, ‘‘subhagavane sālarājamūle’’ti na vattabbaṃ, atha tattha viharati, ‘‘ukkaṭṭhāya’’nti na vattabbaṃ, na hi sakkā ubhayattha ekaṃ samayaṃ viharitunti. Na kho panetaṃ evaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Nanu avocumha ‘‘samīpatthe cetaṃ bhummavacana’’nti. Tasmā yathā gaṅgāyamunādīnaṃ samīpe goyūthāni carantāni ‘‘gaṅgāya caranti, yamunāya carantī’’ti vuccanti, evamidhāpi yadidaṃ ukkaṭṭhāya samīpe subhagavanaṃ sālarājamūlaṃ, tattha viharanto vuccati ‘‘ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharati subhagavane sālarājamūle’’ti. Gocaragāmanidassanatthañhissa ukkaṭṭhāvacanaṃ, pabbajitānurūpanivāsaṭṭhānanidassanatthaṃ sesavacanaṃ.

Tattha ukkaṭṭhākittanena āyasmā ānando bhagavato gahaṭṭhānuggahakaraṇaṃ dasseti, subhagavanādikittanena pabbajitānuggahakaraṇaṃ. Tathā purimena paccayaggahaṇato attakilamathānuyogavivajjanaṃ, pacchimena vatthukāmappahānato kāmasukhallikānuyogavivajjanupāyadassanaṃ. Purimena ca dhammadesanābhiyogaṃ, pacchimena vivekādhimuttiṃ. Purimena karuṇāya upagamanaṃ, pacchimena paññāya apagamanaṃ. Purimena sattānaṃ hitasukhanipphādanādhimuttataṃ, pacchimena parahitasukhakaraṇe nirupalepanaṃ. Purimena dhammikasukhāpariccāganimittaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ, pacchimena uttarimanussadhammānuyoganimittaṃ. Purimena manussānaṃ upakārabahulataṃ, pacchimena devānaṃ. Purimena loke jātassa loke saṃvaḍḍhabhāvaṃ, pacchimena lokena anupalittataṃ. Purimena ‘‘ekapuggalo, bhikkhave, loke uppajjamāno uppajjati bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ. Katamo ekapuggalo, tathāgato arahaṃ sammāsambuddho’’ti (a. ni. 1.170) vacanato yadatthaṃ bhagavā uppanno, tadatthaparinipphādanaṃ, pacchimena yattha uppanno, tadanurūpavihāraṃ. Bhagavā hi paṭhamaṃ lumbinivane, dutiyaṃ bodhimaṇḍeti lokiyalokuttarāya uppattiyā vaneyeva uppanno, tenassa vaneyeva vihāraṃ dassetīti evamādinā nayenettha atthayojanā veditabbā.

Tatrāti desakālaparidīpanaṃ. Tañhi yaṃ samayaṃ viharati, tatra samaye. Yasmiñca sālarājamūle viharati, tatra sālarājamūleti dīpeti. Bhāsitabbayutte vā desakāle dīpeti. Na hi bhagavā ayutte dese kāle vā dhammaṃ bhāsati. ‘‘Akālo kho tāva bāhiyā’’ti (udā. 10) ādicettha sādhakaṃ. Khoti padapūraṇamatte avadhāraṇe ādikālatthe vā nipāto. Bhagavāti lokagarudīpanaṃ. Bhikkhūti kathāsavanayuttapuggalavacanaṃ. Apicettha, ‘‘bhikkhakoti bhikkhu, bhikkhācariyaṃ ajjhupagatoti bhikkhū’’tiādinā (pārā. 45) nayena vacanattho veditabbo. Āmantesīti ālapi abhāsi sambodhesīti ayamettha attho. Aññatra pana ñāpanepi hoti. Yathāha ‘‘āmantayāmi vo, bhikkhave, paṭivedayāmi vo, bhikkhave’’ti. Pakkosanepi. Yathāha ‘‘ehi tvaṃ bhikkhu mama vacanena sāriputtaṃ āmantehī’’ti (a. ni. 9.11).

Bhikkhavoti āmantanākāradīpanaṃ. Tañca bhikkhanasīlatādiguṇayogasiddhattā vuttaṃ. Bhikkhanasīlatāguṇayuttopi hi bhikkhu bhikkhanadhammatāguṇayuttopi. Bhikkhane sādhukāritāguṇayuttopīti saddavidū maññanti. Tena ca nesaṃ bhikkhanasīlatādiguṇayogasiddhena vacanena hīnādhikajanasevitaṃ vuttiṃ pakāsento uddhatadīnabhāvaniggahaṃ karoti. Bhikkhavoti iminā ca karuṇāvipphārasommahadayanayananipātapubbaṅgamena vacanena te attano mukhābhimukhe karoti. Teneva ca kathetukamyatādīpakena vacanena nesaṃ sotukamyataṃ janeti. Teneva ca sambodhanaṭṭhena sādhukaṃ savanamanasikārepi ne niyojeti. Sādhukasavanamanasikārāyattā hi sāsanasampatti.

Aparesupi devamanussesu vijjamānesu kasmā bhikkhūyeva āmantesīti ce. Jeṭṭhaseṭṭhāsannasadāsannihitabhāvato. Sabbaparisasādhāraṇā hi bhagavato dhammadesanā. Parisāya ca jeṭṭhā bhikkhū, paṭhamuppannattā. Seṭṭhā, anagāriyabhāvaṃ ādiṃ katvā satthucariyānuvidhāyakattā sakalasāsanapaṭiggāhakattā ca. Āsannā, tattha nisinnesu satthusantikattā. Sadāsannihitā, satthusantikāvacarattāti. Apica te dhammadesanāya bhājanaṃ, yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipattisabbhāvato. Visesato ca ekacce bhikkhūyeva sandhāya ayaṃ desanātipi te eva āmantesi.

Tattha siyā – kimatthaṃ pana bhagavā dhammaṃ desento paṭhamaṃ bhikkhū āmantesi, na dhammameva desetīti. Satijananatthaṃ. Bhikkhū hi aññaṃ cintentāpi vikkhittacittāpi dhammaṃ paccavekkhantāpi kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasikarontāpi nisinnā honti, te anāmantetvā dhamme desiyamāne – ‘‘ayaṃ desanā kinnidānā kiṃpaccayā katamāya aṭṭhuppattiyā desitā’’ti sallakkhetuṃ asakkontā duggahitaṃ vā gaṇheyyuṃ, na vā gaṇheyyuṃ. Tena nesaṃ satijananatthaṃ bhagavā paṭhamaṃ āmantetvā pacchā dhammaṃ deseti.

Bhadanteti gāravavacanametaṃ, satthuno paṭivacanadānaṃ vā, apicettha bhikkhavoti vadamāno bhagavā te bhikkhū ālapati. Bhadanteti vadamānā te bhagavantaṃ paccālapanti. Tathā bhikkhavoti bhagavā ābhāsati. Bhadanteti te paccābhāsanti. Bhikkhavoti paṭivacanaṃ dāpeti, bhadanteti paṭivacanaṃ denti. Te bhikkhūti ye bhagavā āmantesi. Bhagavato paccassosunti bhagavato āmantanaṃ paṭiassosuṃ, abhimukhā hutvā suṇiṃsu sampaṭicchiṃsu paṭiggahesunti attho. Bhagavā etadavocāti bhagavā etaṃ idāni vattabbaṃ sakalaṃ suttaṃ avoca.

Ettāvatā ca yaṃ āyasmatā ānandena kamalakuvalayujjalavimalasādurasasalilāya pokkharaṇiyā sukhāvataraṇatthaṃ nimmalasilātalaracanavilāsasobhitaratanasopānaṃ vippakiṇṇamuttātalasadisavālikākiṇṇapaṇḍarabhūmibhāgaṃ titthaṃ viya suvibhattabhittivicitravedikāparikkhittassa nakkhattapathaṃ phusitukāmatāya viya, vijambhitasamussayassa pāsādavarassa sukhārohaṇatthaṃ dantamaya-saṇhamuduphalaka-kañcanalatāvinaddha- maṇigaṇappabhāsamudayujjalasobhaṃ sopānaṃ viya, suvaṇṇavalayānūpurādisaṅghaṭṭanasaddasammissitakathitahasitamadhurassaragehajanavicaritassa uḷāraissariyavibhavasobhitassa mahāgharassa sukhappavesanatthaṃ suvaṇṇarajatamaṇimuttāpavāḷādijutivissaravijjotita-suppatiṭṭhitavisāladvārabāhaṃ mahādvāraṃ viya ca atthabyañjanasampannassa buddhānaṃ desanāñāṇagambhīrabhāvasaṃsūcakassa imassa suttassa sukhāvagāhaṇatthaṃ kāladesadesakavatthuparisāpadesapaṭimaṇḍitaṃ nidānaṃ bhāsitaṃ, tassa atthavaṇṇanā samattā.

Suttanikkhepavaṇṇanā

Idāni ‘‘sabbadhammamūlapariyāyaṃ vo’’tiādinā nayena bhagavatā nikkhittassa suttassa vaṇṇanāya okāso anuppatto. Sā panesā suttavaṇṇanā yasmā suttanikkhepaṃ vicāretvā vuccamānā pākaṭā hoti, tasmā suttanikkhepaṃ tāva vicārayissāma. Cattāro hi suttanikkhepā attajjhāsayo parajjhāsayo pucchāvasiko aṭṭhuppattikoti.

Tattha yāni suttāni bhagavā parehi anajjhiṭṭho kevalaṃ attano ajjhāsayeneva kathesi. Seyyathidaṃ, ākaṅkheyyasuttaṃ, vatthasuttaṃ, mahāsatipaṭṭhānasuttaṃ, mahāsaḷāyatanavibhaṅgasuttaṃ, ariyavaṃsasuttaṃ, sammappadhānasuttantahārako, iddhipādaindriyabalabojjhaṅgamaggaṅgasuttantahārakoti evamādīni. Tesaṃ attajjhāsayo nikkhepo.

Yāni pana ‘‘paripakkā kho rāhulassa vimuttiparipācanīyā dhammā, yaṃnūnāhaṃ rāhulaṃ uttari āsavānaṃ khaye vineyya’’nti (saṃ. ni. 4.121) evaṃ paresaṃ ajjhāsayaṃ khantiṃ manaṃ abhinīhāraṃ bujjhanabhāvañca avekkhitvā parajjhāsayavasena kathitāni. Seyyathidaṃ, cūḷarāhulovādasuttaṃ, mahārāhulovādasuttaṃ, dhammacakkappavattanaṃ, dhātuvibhaṅgasuttanti evamādīni. Tesaṃ parajjhāsayo nikkhepo.

Bhagavantaṃ pana upasaṅkamitvā catasso parisā cattāro vaṇṇā nāgā supaṇṇā gandhabbā asurā yakkhā mahārājāno tāvatiṃsādayo devā mahābrahmāti evamādayo ‘‘bojjhaṅgā bojjhaṅgā’’ti, bhante, vuccanti. ‘‘Nīvaraṇā nīvaraṇā’’ti, bhante, vuccanti. Ime nu kho, bhante, pañcupādānakkhandhā. ‘‘Kiṃ sūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭha’’ntiādinā (su. ni. 183) nayena pañhaṃ pucchanti. Evaṃ puṭṭhena bhagavatā yāni kathitāni bojjhaṅgasaṃyuttādīni. Yāni vā panaññānipi devatāsaṃyutta-mārasaṃyutta-brahmasaṃyutta-sakkapañha-cūḷavedalla-mahāvedalla-sāmaññaphala- āḷavaka-sūciloma-kharalomasuttādīni, tesaṃ pucchāvasiko nikkhepo.

Yāni panetāni uppannaṃ kāraṇaṃ paṭicca kathitāni. Seyyathidaṃ, dhammadāyādaṃ cūḷasīhanādaṃ candūpamaṃ puttamaṃsūpamaṃ dārukkhandhūpamaṃ aggikkhandhūpamaṃ pheṇapiṇḍūpamaṃ pāricchattakūpamanti evamādīni. Tesaṃ aṭṭhuppattiko nikkhepo.

Evamimesu catūsu nikkhepesu imassa suttassa aṭṭhuppattiko nikkhepo. Aṭṭhuppattiyañhi idaṃ bhagavatā nikkhittaṃ. Katarāya aṭṭhuppattiyā? Pariyattiṃ nissāya uppanne māne. Pañcasatā kira brāhmaṇā tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū aparabhāge bhagavato dhammadesanaṃ sutvā kāmesu ādīnavaṃ nekkhamme ca ānisaṃsaṃ sampassamānā bhagavato santike pabbajitvā nacirasseva sabbaṃ buddhavacanaṃ uggaṇhitvā pariyattiṃ nissāya mānaṃ uppādesuṃ ‘‘yaṃ yaṃ bhagavā katheti, taṃ taṃ mayaṃ khippameva jānāma, bhagavā hi tīṇi liṅgāni cattāri padāni satta vibhattiyo muñcitvā na kiñci katheti, evaṃ kathite ca amhākaṃ gaṇṭhipadaṃ nāma natthī’’ti. Te bhagavati agāravā hutvā tato paṭṭhāya bhagavato upaṭṭhānampi dhammassavanampi abhiṇhaṃ na gacchanti. Bhagavā tesaṃ taṃ cittacāraṃ ñatvā ‘‘abhabbā ime imaṃ mānakhilaṃ anupahacca maggaṃ vā phalaṃ vā sacchikātu’’nti tesaṃ sutapariyattiṃ nissāya uppannaṃ mānaṃ aṭṭhuppattiṃ katvā desanākusalo bhagavā mānabhañjanatthaṃ sabbadhammamūlapariyāyanti desanaṃ ārabhi.

Tattha sabbadhammamūlapariyāyanti sabbesaṃ dhammānaṃ mūlapariyāyaṃ. Sabbesanti anavasesānaṃ. Anavasesavācako hi ayaṃ sabba-saddo. So yena yena sambandhaṃ gacchati, tassa tassa anavasesataṃ dīpeti. Yathā, ‘‘sabbaṃ rūpaṃ aniccaṃ sabbā vedanā aniccā sabbasakkāyapariyāpannesu dhammesū’’ti. Dhamma-saddo panāyaṃ pariyatti-sacca-samādhi-paññā-pakati-sabhāvasuññatā-puññāpatti-ñeyyādīsu dissati. ‘‘Idha bhikkhu dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇāti suttaṃ geyya’’ntiādīsu (a. ni. 5.73) hi dhammasaddo pariyattiyaṃ vattati. ‘‘Diṭṭhadhammo viditadhammo’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.299) saccesu. ‘‘Evaṃ dhammā te bhagavanto’’tiādīsu samādhimhi.

‘‘Yassete caturo dhammā, vānarinda yathā tava;

Saccaṃ dhammo dhiti cāgo, diṭṭhaṃ so ativattatī’’ti. –

Ādīsu (jā. 1.1.57) paññāya.

‘‘Jātidhammā jarādhammā, atho maraṇadhammino’’tiādīsu pakatiyaṃ. ‘‘Kusalā dhammā’’tiādīsu (dha. sa. 1.tikamātikā) sabhāve. ‘‘Tasmiṃ kho pana samaye dhammā hontī’’tiādīsu (dha. sa. 121) suññatāyaṃ. ‘‘Dhammo suciṇṇo sukhamāvahātī’’tiādīsu (jā. 1.10.102) puññe. ‘‘Dve aniyatā dhammā’’tiādīsu (pārā. 443) āpattiyaṃ. ‘‘Sabbe dhammā sabbākārena buddhassa bhagavato ñāṇamukhe āpāthaṃ āgacchantī’’tiādīsu ñeyye. Idha panāyaṃ sabhāve vattati. Tatrāyaṃ vacanattho – attano lakkhaṇaṃ dhārentīti dhammā. Mūla-saddo vitthārito eva. Idha panāyaṃ asādhāraṇahetumhi daṭṭhabbo.

Pariyāyasaddo ‘‘madhupiṇḍikapariyāyoti naṃ dhārehī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.205) desanāyaṃ vattati. ‘‘Atthi khvesa brāhmaṇa, pariyāyo, yena maṃ pariyāyena sammā vadamāno vadeyya akiriyavādo samaṇo gotamo’’tiādīsu (pārā. 3) kāraṇe. ‘‘Kassa nu kho, ānanda, ajja pariyāyo bhikkhuniyo ovaditu’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 3.398) vāre. Idha pana kāraṇepi desanāyampi vattati. Tasmā ‘‘sabbadhammamūlapariyāya’’nti ettha sabbesaṃ dhammānaṃ asādhāraṇahetusaññitaṃ kāraṇanti vā sabbesaṃ dhammānaṃ kāraṇadesananti vā evaṃ attho daṭṭhabbo. Neyyatthattā cassa suttassa, na catubhūmakāpi sabhāvadhammā sabbadhammāti veditabbā. Sakkāyapariyāpannā pana tebhūmakā dhammāva anavasesato veditabbā, ayamettha adhippāyoti.

Voti ayaṃ vo-saddo paccattaupayogakaraṇasampadānasāmivacanapadapūraṇesu dissati. ‘‘Kacci pana vo, anuruddhā, samaggā sammodamānā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.326) hi paccatte dissati. ‘‘Gacchatha, bhikkhave, paṇāmemi vo’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.157) upayoge. ‘‘Na vo mama santike vatthabba’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.157) karaṇe. ‘‘Vanapatthapariyāyaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.190) sampadāne. ‘‘Sabbesaṃ vo, sāriputta, subhāsita’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.345) sāmivacane. ‘‘Ye hi vo ariyā parisuddhakāyakammantā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.35) padapūraṇamatte. Idha panāyaṃ sampadāne daṭṭhabbo.

Bhikkhaveti patissavena abhimukhībhūtānaṃ punālapanaṃ. Desessāmīti desanāpaṭijānanaṃ. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti, bhikkhave, sabbadhammānaṃ mūlakāraṇaṃ tumhākaṃ desessāmi, dutiyena nayena kāraṇadesanaṃ tumhākaṃ desessāmīti. Taṃ suṇāthāti tamatthaṃ taṃ kāraṇaṃ taṃ desanaṃ mayā vuccamānaṃ suṇātha. Sādhukaṃ manasi karothāti ettha pana sādhukaṃ sādhūti ekatthametaṃ. Ayañca sādhu saddo āyācanasampaṭicchanasampahaṃsanasundaradaḷhīkammādīsu dissati. ‘‘Sādhu me bhante bhagavā, saṃkhittena dhammaṃ desetū’’tiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 4.95) hi āyācane dissati. ‘‘Sādhu, bhanteti kho so bhikkhu bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 3.86) sampaṭicchane. ‘‘Sādhu, sādhu sāriputtā’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 3.349) sampahaṃsane.

‘‘Sādhu dhammarucī rājā, sādhu paññāṇavā naro;

Sādhu mittānamaddubbho, pāpassākaraṇaṃ sukha’’nti.

Ādīsu (jā. 2.18.101) sundare. ‘‘Tena hi, brāhmaṇa, sādhukaṃ suṇāhī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 5.192) sādhukasaddoyeva daḷhīkamme, āṇattiyantipi vuccati. Idhāpi ayaṃ ettheva daḷhīkamme ca āṇattiyañca attho veditabbo. Sundaratthepi vattati. Daḷhīkaraṇatthena hi daḷhamimaṃ dhammaṃ suṇātha suggahitaṃ gaṇhantā. Āṇattiatthena mama āṇattiyā suṇātha. Sundaratthena sundaramimaṃ bhaddakaṃ dhammaṃ suṇāthāti evaṃ dīpitaṃ hoti.

Manasi karothāti āvajjetha, samannāharathāti attho, avikkhittacittā hutvā nisāmetha citte karothāti adhippāyo. Idānettha taṃ suṇāthāti sotindriyavikkhepavāraṇametaṃ. Sādhukaṃ manasi karothāti manasikāre daḷhīkammaniyojanena manindriyavikkhepavāraṇaṃ. Purimañcettha byañjanavipallāsaggāhavāraṇaṃ, pacchimaṃ atthavipallāsaggāhavāraṇaṃ. Purimena ca dhammassavane niyojeti, pacchimena sutānaṃ dhammānaṃ dhāraṇūpaparikkhādīsu. Purimena ca sabyañjano ayaṃ dhammo, tasmā savanīyoti dīpeti. Pacchimena sāttho, tasmā manasi kātabboti. Sādhukapadaṃ vā ubhayapadehi yojetvā yasmā ayaṃ dhammo dhammagambhīro desanāgambhīro ca, tasmā suṇātha sādhukaṃ, yasmā atthagambhīro paṭivedhagambhīro ca, tasmā sādhukaṃ manasi karothāti evaṃ yojanā veditabbā.

Bhāsissāmīti desessāmi. ‘‘Taṃ suṇāthā’’ti ettha paṭiññātaṃ desanaṃ na saṃkhittatova desessāmi, apica kho vitthāratopi naṃ bhāsissāmīti vuttaṃ hoti, saṅkhepavitthāravācakāni hi etāni padāni. Yathāha vaṅgīsatthero –

‘‘Saṃkhittenapi deseti, vitthārenapi bhāsati;

Sāḷikāyiva nigghoso, paṭibhānaṃ udīrayī’’ti. (saṃ. ni. 1.214);

Evaṃ vutte ussāhajātā hutvā evaṃ bhanteti kho te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ satthu vacanaṃ sampaṭicchiṃsu, paṭiggahesunti vuttaṃ hoti. Atha nesaṃ bhagavā etadavoca etaṃ idāni vattabbaṃ idha bhikkhavotiādikaṃ sakalaṃ suttaṃ avoca. Tattha idhāti desāpadese nipāto. Svāyaṃ katthaci lokaṃ upādāya vuccati. Yathāha – ‘‘idha tathāgato loke uppajjatī’’ti (dī. ni. 1.190). Katthaci sāsanaṃ. Yathāha – ‘‘idheva, bhikkhave, samaṇo, idha dutiyo samaṇo’’ti (a. ni. 4.241). Katthaci okāsaṃ. Yathāha –

‘‘Idheva tiṭṭhamānassa, devabhūtassa me sato;

Punarāyu ca me laddho, evaṃ jānāhi mārisā’’ti. (dī. ni. 2.369);

Katthaci padapūraṇamattameva. Yathāha ‘‘idhāhaṃ – bhikkhave, bhuttāvī assaṃ pavārito’’ti (ma. ni. 1.30). Idha pana lokaṃ upādāya vuttoti veditabbo.

2. Bhikkhaveti yathāpaṭiññātaṃ desanaṃ desetuṃ puna bhikkhū ālapati. Ubhayenāpi, bhikkhave, imasmiṃ loketi vuttaṃ hoti. Assutavā puthujjanoti ettha pana āgamādhigamābhāvā ñeyyo assutavā iti. Yassa hi khandhadhātuāyatanasaccapaccayākārasatipaṭṭhānādīsu uggahaparipucchāvinicchayarahitattā maññanāpaṭisedhako neva āgamo, paṭipattiyā adhigantabbassa anadhigatattā neva adhigamo atthi. So āgamādhigamābhāvā ñeyyo assutavā iti. Svāyaṃ –

Puthūnaṃ jananādīhi, kāraṇehi puthujjano;

Puthujjanantogadhattā, puthuvāyaṃ jano iti.

So hi puthūnaṃ nānappakārānaṃ kilesādīnaṃ jananādīhi kāraṇehi puthujjano. Yathāha – puthu kilese janentīti puthujjanā, puthu avihatasakkāyadiṭṭhikāti puthujjanā, puthu satthārānaṃ mukhamullokikāti puthujjanā, puthu sabbagatīhi avuṭṭhitāti puthujjanā, puthu nānābhisaṅkhāre abhisaṅkharontīti puthujjanā, puthu nānāoghehi vuyhantīti puthujjanā, puthu nānāsantāpehi santappantīti puthujjanā, puthu nānāpariḷāhehi paridayhantīti puthujjanā, puthu pañcasu kāmaguṇesu rattā giddhā gadhitā mucchitā ajjhosannā laggā lagitā palibuddhāti puthujjanā, puthu pañcahi nīvaraṇehi āvuṭā nivutā ovutā pihitā paṭicchannā paṭikujjitāti puthujjanāti (mahāni. 51). Puthūnaṃ vā gaṇanapathamatītānaṃ ariyadhammaparammukhānaṃ nīcadhammasamācārānaṃ janānaṃ antogadhattāpi puthujjanā. Puthu vā ayaṃ, visuṃyeva saṅkhaṃ gato, visaṃsaṭṭho sīlasutādiguṇayuttehi ariyehi janotipi puthujjano. Evametehi ‘‘assutavā puthujjano’’ti dvīhipi padehi yete –

Duve puthujjanā vuttā, buddhenādiccabandhunā;

Andho puthujjano eko, kalyāṇeko puthujjanoti. –

Dve puthujjanā vuttā. Tesu andhaputhujjano vutto hotīti veditabbo. Ariyānaṃ adassāvītiādīsu ariyāti ārakattā kilesehi, anaye nairiyanato, aye iriyanato, sadevakena ca lokena araṇīyato buddhā ca paccekabuddhā ca buddhasāvakā ca vuccanti, buddhā eva vā idha ariyā. Yathāha ‘‘sadevake, bhikkhave, loke…pe… tathāgato ariyoti vuccatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.1098). Sappurisāti ettha pana paccekabuddhā tathāgatasāvakā ca ‘‘sappurisā’’ti veditabbā. Te hi lokuttaraguṇayogena sobhanā purisāti sappurisā. Sabbeva vā ete dvedhāpi vuttā. Buddhāpi hi ariyā ca sappurisā ca, paccekabuddhā buddhasāvakāpi. Yathāha –

‘‘Yo ve kataññū katavedi dhīro,

Kalyāṇamitto daḷhabhatti ca hoti;

Dukhitassa sakkacca karoti kiccaṃ,

Tathāvidhaṃ sappurisaṃ vadantī’’ti. (jā. 2.17.78);

Kalyāṇamitto daḷhabhatti ca hotīti ettāvatā hi buddhasāvako vutto, kataññutādīhi paccekabuddhā buddhāti. Idāni yo tesaṃ ariyānaṃ adassanasīlo, na ca dassane sādhukārī, so ariyānaṃ adassāvīti veditabbo. So ca cakkhunā adassāvī ñāṇena adassāvīti duvidho, tesu ñāṇena adassāvī idha adhippeto. Maṃsacakkhunā hi dibbacakkhunā vā ariyā diṭṭhāpi adiṭṭhāva honti. Tesaṃ cakkhūnaṃ vaṇṇamattaggahaṇato, na ariyabhāvagocarato. Soṇasiṅgālādayopi ca cakkhunā ariye passanti. Na ca te ariyānaṃ dassāvino.

Tatridaṃ vatthu – cittalapabbatavāsino kira khīṇāsavattherassa upaṭṭhāko vuḍḍhapabbajito ekadivasaṃ therena saddhiṃ piṇḍāya caritvā therassa pattacīvaraṃ gahetvā piṭṭhito āgacchanto theraṃ pucchi ‘‘ariyā nāma, bhante, kīdisā’’ti. Thero āha ‘‘idhekacco mahallako ariyānaṃ pattacīvaraṃ gahetvā vattapaṭipattiṃ katvā sahacarantopi neva ariye jānāti, evaṃ dujjānā, āvuso, ariyā’’ti. Evaṃ vuttepi so neva aññāsi. Tasmā na cakkhunā dassanaṃ dassanaṃ, ñāṇena dassanameva dassanaṃ. Yathāha ‘‘kiṃ te, vakkali, iminā pūtikāyena diṭṭhena, yo kho, vakkali, dhammaṃ passati, so maṃ passatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 3.87). Tasmā cakkhunā passantopi ñāṇena ariyehi diṭṭhaṃ aniccādilakkhaṇaṃ apassanto ariyādhigatañca dhammaṃ anadhigacchanto ariyakaradhammānaṃ ariyabhāvassa ca adiṭṭhattā ‘‘ariyānaṃ adassāvī’’ti veditabbo.

Ariyadhammassa akovidoti satipaṭṭhānādibhede ariyadhamme akusalo. Ariyadhamme avinītoti ettha pana –

Duvidho vinayo nāma, ekamekettha pañcadhā;

Abhāvato tassa ayaṃ, ‘‘avinīto’’ti vuccati.