4. Padaṭṭhānahāravibhaṅgavaṇṇanā

22. Tattha katamo padaṭṭhāno hārotiādi padaṭṭhānahāravibhaṅgo. Tattha yasmā ‘‘idaṃ imassa padaṭṭhānaṃ, idaṃ imassa padaṭṭhāna’’nti tesaṃ tesaṃ dhammānaṃ padaṭṭhānabhūtadhammavibhāvanalakkhaṇo padaṭṭhāno hāro, tasmā pavattiyā mūlabhūtaṃ avijjaṃ ādiṃ katvā sabhāvadhammānaṃ padaṭṭhānaṃ āsannakāraṇaṃ niddhārento avijjāya sabhāvaṃ niddisati ‘‘sabbadhammayāthāvaasampaṭivedhalakkhaṇā avijjā’’ti. Tassattho – sabbesaṃ dhammānaṃ aviparītasabhāvo na sampaṭivijjhīyati etenāti sabbadhammayāthāvaasampaṭivedho. So lakkhaṇaṃ etissāti sā tathā vuttā. Etena dhammasabhāvappaṭicchādanalakkhaṇā avijjāti vuttaṃ hoti. Atha vā sammā paṭivedho sampaṭivedho. Tassa paṭipakkho asampaṭivedho. Kattha pana so sampaṭivedhassa paṭipakkhoti āha – ‘‘sabba…pe… lakkhaṇā’’ti. Yasmā pana asubhe subhantiādivipallāse sati tattha sammoho uparūpari jāyatiyeva na hāyati, tasmā ‘‘tassā vipallāsā padaṭṭhāna’’nti vuttaṃ.

Piyarūpaṃ sātarūpanti piyāyitabbajātiyaṃ iṭṭhajātiyañca padaṭṭhānaṃ. ‘‘Yaṃ loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjatī’’ti (dī. ni. 2.400; ma. ni. 1.133; vibha. 203) hi vuttaṃ. Adinnādānanti adinnādānacetanā. Sā hi ekavāraṃ uppannāpi anādīnavadassitāya lobhassa uppattikāraṇaṃ hotīti tassa padaṭṭhānaṃ vuttaṃ. Dosassa pāṇātipāto padaṭṭhānaṃ, mohassa micchāpaṭipadā padaṭṭhānanti etthāpi imināva nayena attho veditabbo. Vaṇṇasaṇṭhānabyañjanaggahaṇalakkhaṇāti nimittānubyañjanaggahaṇalakkhaṇā. Sukhasaññāya phassassa upagamanalakkhaṇatā phassapaccayatāva vuttā. ‘‘Phuṭṭho sañjānātī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 4.93) hi vuttaṃ. Assādoti taṇhā. Saṅkhatalakkhaṇāni uppādavayaññathattāni. Yebhuyyena niccaggahaṇaṃ viññāṇādhīnanti niccasaññāya viññāṇapadaṭṭhānatā vuttā. Tathā hi so bhikkhu taṃyeva viññāṇaṃ sandhāvati saṃsaratīti viññāṇavisayameva attano niccaggāhaṃ pavedesi. Pañcannaṃ khandhānaṃ yadi aniccatā dukkhatā ca sudiṭṭhā, attasaññā sukhasaññā anavakāsāti āha – ‘‘aniccasaññādukkhasaññāasamanupassanalakkhaṇā attasaññā’’ti. ‘‘Yadaniccaṃ taṃ dukkhaṃ, yaṃ dukkhaṃ tadanattā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 3.15) hi vuttaṃ.

Yebhuyyena attābhiniveso arūpadhammesūti āha – ‘‘tassā nāmakāyo padaṭṭhāna’’nti. Sabbaṃ neyyanti cattāri saccāni catusaccavinimuttassa ñeyyassa abhāvato. Cittavikkhepapaṭisaṃharaṇaṃ uddhaccavikkhambhanaṃ. Asubhāti asubhānupassanā, paṭibhāganimittabhūtā asubhā eva vā, taṇhāpaṭipakkhattā samathassa asubhā padaṭṭhānanti vuttaṃ. Abhijjhāya tanukaraṇato adinnādānāveramaṇī alobhassa padaṭṭhānanti vuttā. Tathā byāpādassa tanukaraṇato pāṇātipātāveramaṇī adosassa padaṭṭhānanti vuttā. Vatthuavippaṭipatti visayasabhāvapaṭivedho, sammāpaṭipatti sīlasamādhisampadānaṃ nibbidāñāṇena anabhiratiñāṇameva vā tathā pavattaṃ. Sabbāpi vedanā dukkhadukkhatādibhāvato dukkhanti katvā vuttaṃ – ‘‘dukkhasaññāya vedanā padaṭṭhāna’’nti. Dhammasaññāti dhammamattanti saññā.

Sattānaṃ kāye avītarāgatā pañcannaṃ ajjhattikāyatanānaṃ vasena hotīti āha – ‘‘pañcindriyāni rūpīni rūparāgassa padaṭṭhāna’’nti. Kāyo hi idha rūpanti adhippeto. Visesato jhānanissayabhūte manāyatane ca nikanti hotīti āha – ‘‘chaṭṭhāyatanaṃ bhavarāgassa padaṭṭhāna’’nti. Edisaṃ mā rūpaṃ nibbattatu, mā edisī vedanāti evaṃ pavattā rūpādiabhinandanā nibbattabhavānupassitā. Ñāṇadassanassāti kammassakataññāṇadassanassa. Yonisomanasikāravato hi pubbenivāsānussati kammassakataññāṇassa kāraṇaṃ hoti, na ayoniso ummujjantassa. Imassa ca atthassa vibhāvanatthaṃ mahānāradakassapajātakaṃ (jā. 2.22.1153 ādayo), brahmajāle (dī. ni. 1.38 ādayo) ekaccasassatavādo ca udāharitabbo. ‘‘Okappanalakkhaṇā’’tiādinā saddhāpasādānaṃ visesaṃ dasseti. So pana saddhāyayeva avatthāviseso daṭṭhabbo. Tattha okappanaṃ saddahanavasena ārammaṇassa ogāhaṇaṃ nicchayo. Anāvilatā assaddhiyāpagamena cittassa akālussiyatā. Abhipatthiyanā saddahanameva. Aveccapasādo paññāsahito āyatanagato abhippasādo. Apilāpanaṃ asammoso nimujjitvā viya ārammaṇassa ogāhaṇaṃ vā, ettha ca saddhādīnaṃ pasādasaddhāsammappadhānasatipaṭṭhānajhānaṅgāni yathākkamaṃ padaṭṭhānanti vadantena avatthāvisesavasena padaṭṭhānabhāvo vuttoti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Satisamādhīnaṃ vā kāyādayo satipaṭṭhānāti. Vitakkādayo ca jhānānīti padaṭṭhānabhāvena vuttā.

Assādamanasikāro saṃyojanīyesu dhammesu assādānupassitā. Punabbhavavirohaṇāti punabbhavāya virohaṇā, punabbhavanibbattanārahatā vipākadhammatāti attho. Opapaccayikanibbattilakkhaṇanti upapattibhavabhāvena nibbattanasabhāvaṃ. Nāmakāyarūpakāyasaṅghātalakkhaṇanti arūparūpakāyānaṃ samūhiyabhāvaṃ. Indriyavavatthānanti cakkhādīnaṃ channaṃ indriyānaṃ vavatthitabhāvo. Opapaccayikanti upapattikkhandhanibbattakaṃ. Upadhīti attabhāvo. Attano piyassa maraṇaṃ cintentassa bālassa yebhuyyena soko uppajjatīti maraṇaṃ sokassa padaṭṭhānanti vuttaṃ. Ussukkaṃ cetaso santāpo. Odahananti avadahanaṃ. Attano nissayassa santapanameva bhavassāti vuttaṃ bhavaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘imānī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha bhavassa aṅgāni bhavasaṅkhātāni ca aṅgāni bhavaṅgāni. Tesu kilesā bhavassa aṅgāni. Kammavipākavaṭṭaṃ bhavasaṅkhātāni aṅgāni. Samaggānīti sabbāni. Khandhāyatanādīnaṃ aparāparuppattisaṃsaraṇaṃ saṃsāro. Tassa purimapurimajātinipphannaṃ kilesādivaṭṭaṃ kāraṇanti āha – ‘‘bhavo saṃsārassa padaṭṭhāna’’nti. Sampāpakahetubhāvaṃ sandhāya ‘‘maggo nirodhassa padaṭṭhāna’’nti vuttaṃ.

Kammaṭṭhānogāhakassa otaraṇaṭṭhānatāya bahussuto titthaṃ nāma, tassa sammāpayirupāsanā titthaññutā. Dhammūpasañhitaṃ pāmojjaṃ pītaṃ nāma, sappāyadhammassavanena taṃ uppādetvā kammaṭṭhānassa brūhanā pītaññutā, bhāvanāya thokampi layāpattiyā uddhaṃpattiyā ca jānanā pattaññutā. Attano pañcahi padhāniyaṅgehi samannāgatassa jānanā attaññutā, tesu purimānaṃ purimānaṃ pacchimassa pacchimassa padaṭṭhānabhāvo suviññeyyo eva. Katapuññasseva patirūpadesavāso sambhavati, na itarassāti ‘‘pubbekatapuññatā patirūpadesavāsassa padaṭṭhāna’’nti vuttaṃ. Yathābhūtañāṇadassanaṃ saha adhiṭṭhānena taruṇavipassanā. Nibbidāti balavavipassanā. Virāgoti maggo. Vimuttīti phalaṃ. Evanti yadidaṃ ‘‘tassā vipallāsā padaṭṭhāna’’ntiādinā avijjādīnaṃ padaṭṭhānaṃ dassitaṃ, iminā nayena athāpi yo koci upanissayo balavapaccayoti yo koci avasesapaccayo, sabbo so padaṭṭhānaṃ kāraṇanti veditabbaṃ. ‘‘Evaṃ yā kāci upanisā yogato ca paccayato cā’’tipi paṭhanti. Tattha upanisāti kāraṇaṃ, yogatoti yuttito, paccayatoti paccayabhāvamattatoti attho veditabbo. Yaṃ panettha atthato na vibhattaṃ, taṃ suviññeyyameva.

Padaṭṭhānahāravibhaṅgavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

5. Lakkhaṇahāravibhaṅgavaṇṇanā

23. Tattha katamo lakkhaṇo hārotiādi lakkhaṇahāravibhaṅgo. Tattha kiṃ lakkhayatīti lakkhaṇahārassa visayaṃ pucchati. ‘‘Ye dhammā’’tiādinā lakkhaṇahāraṃ saṅkhepato dassetvā taṃ udāharaṇehi vibhajituṃ ‘‘cakkhu’’ntiādi āraddhaṃ. Tattha ‘‘vadhakaṭṭhena ekalakkhaṇānī’’ti iminā anavaṭṭhitabhāvādināpi ekalakkhaṇatā vuttā evāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Evaṃ āyatanavasena ekalakkhaṇataṃ dassetvā idāni khandhādivasena dassetuṃ ‘‘atīte, rādha, rūpe anapekkho hotī’’tiādi suttaṃ ābhataṃ. Yamakovādasutte (saṃ. ni. 3.85) vadhakaṭṭhena ekalakkhaṇā vuttāti tasmiṃ sutte ‘‘vadhakaṃ rūpaṃ vadhakaṃ rūpanti yathābhūtaṃ nappajānātī’’tiādinā āgatattā vuttaṃ. Itīti evaṃ, imissaṃ gāthāyaṃ kāyagatāya satiyā vuttāya sati vedanāgatā sati cittagatā sati dhammagatā ca sati vuttā bhavati satipaṭṭhānabhāvena ekalakkhaṇattāti adhippāyo. Diṭṭhantiādīnaṃ atthaṃ parato vaṇṇayissāma.

Kāye kāyānupassī viharāhīti ettha kāyeti rūpakāye. Rūpakāyo hi idha aṅgapaccaṅgānaṃ kesādīnañca samūhaṭṭhena kāyoti adhippeto. Yathā ca samūhaṭṭhena, evaṃ kucchitānaṃ āyaṭṭhena. Kucchitānañhi paramajegucchānaṃ so āyotipi kāyo, āyoti uppattideso. Tatrāyaṃ vacanattho – āyanti tatoti āyo. Ke āyanti? Kucchitā kesādayo, iti kucchitānaṃ āyoti kāyo.

Kāyānupassīti kāyaṃ anupassanasīlo, kāyaṃ vā anupassamāno. ‘‘Kāye’’ti ca vatvā puna ‘‘kāyānupassī’’ti dutiyaṃ kāyaggahaṇaṃ asammissato vavatthānaghanavinibbhogādidassanatthaṃ. Tena na kāye vedanānupassī cittadhammānupassī vā, atha kho kāyānupassī evāti kāyasaṅkhāte vatthusmiṃ kāyānupassanākārasseva dassanena asammissato vavatthānaṃ dassitaṃ hoti. Tathā na kāye aṅgapaccaṅgavinimuttaekadhammānupassī, nāpi kesalomādivinimuttaitthipurisānupassī.

Yopi cettha kesalomādiko bhūtupādāyasamūhasaṅkhāto kāyo, tatthapi na bhūtupādāyavinimuttaekadhammānupassī, atha kho rathasambhārānupassako viya aṅgapaccaṅgasamūhānupassī, nagarāvayavānupassako viya kesalomādisamūhānupassī, kadalikkhandhapattavaṭṭivinibbhujjako viya rittamuṭṭhiviniveṭhako viya ca bhūtupādāyasamūhānupassī evāti nānappakārato samūhavaseneva kāyasaṅkhātassa vatthuno dassanena ghanavinibbhogo dassito hoti. Na hettha yathāvuttasamūhavinimutto kāyo vā añño vā koci dhammo dissati, yathāvuttadhammasamūhamatte eva pana tathā tathā sattā micchābhinivesaṃ karonti. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Yaṃ passati na taṃ diṭṭhaṃ, yaṃ diṭṭhaṃ taṃ na passati;

Apassaṃ bajjhate mūḷho, bajjhamāno na muccatī’’ti. (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 2.373; ma. ni. aṭṭha. 1.106; paṭi. ma. aṭṭha. 1.1.36; mahāni. aṭṭha. 3);

Ghanavinibbhogādidassanatthanti ādisaddena ayamattho veditabbo. Ayañhi etasmiṃ kāye kāyānupassīyeva, na aññadhammānupassī.

Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yathā anudakabhūtāyapi marīciyā udakānupassino honti, na evaṃ aniccadukkhānattaasubhabhūte eva imasmiṃ kāye niccasukhaattasubhabhāvānupassī, atha kho kāyānupassī aniccadukkhaanattaasubhākārasamūhānupassīti attho. Atha vā yvāyaṃ mahāsatipaṭṭhāne (dī. ni. 2.374 ādayo) assāsapassāsādicuṇṇikajātaaṭṭhikapariyosāno kāyo vutto, yo ca ‘‘idhekacco pathavīkāyaṃ aniccato anupassati, āpokāyaṃ tejokāyaṃ vāyokāyaṃ kesakāyaṃ…pe… aṭṭhimiñjakāya’’nti paṭisambhidāyaṃ (paṭi. ma. 3.34 ādayo) kāyo vutto, tassa sabbassa imasmiṃyeva kāye anupassanato kāye kāyānupassīti evampettha attho daṭṭhabbo.

Atha vā kāye ahanti vā mamanti vā gahetabbassa kassaci ananupassanato, tassa pana kesalomādikassa nānādhammasamūhassa anupassanato kāye kesādidhammasamūhasaṅkhāte kāyānupassīti attho daṭṭhabbo. Api ca ‘‘imasmiṃ kāye aniccato anupassati no niccato’’tiādinā anukkamena paṭisambhidāyaṃ (paṭi. ma. 3.34 ādayo) āgatanayassa sabbasseva aniccalakkhaṇādikassa ākārasamūhasaṅkhātassa kāyassa anupassanato kāye kāyānupassīti attho.

Viharāhīti vattāhi. Ātāpīti tīsu bhavesu kilese ātāpetīti ātāpo, so assa atthīti ātāpī. Sampajānoti sampajaññasaṅkhātena ñāṇena samannāgato. Satimāti kāyapariggāhikāya satiyā samannāgato. Ayaṃ pana yasmā satiyā ārammaṇaṃ pariggahetvā paññāya anupassati, na hi sativirahitā anupassanā atthi, tenevāha – ‘‘satiñca khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, sabbatthikaṃ vadāmī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.234). Anātāpino ca anto saṅkoco antarāyakaro hoti, kammaṭṭhānaṃ na sampajjati. Tasmā yesaṃ dhammānaṃ ānubhāvena taṃ sampajjati, taṃ dassanatthaṃ ‘‘ātāpī’’tiādi vuttaṃ.

Tattha vineyyāti tadaṅgavinayena vā vikkhambhanavinayena vā vinayitvā. Loketi tasmiṃyeva kāye. Kāyo hi idha lujjanapalujjanaṭṭhena lokoti adhippeto. Abhijjhāggahaṇena cettha kāmacchando, domanassaggahaṇena byāpādo gahitoti nīvaraṇesu balavadhammadvayappahānadassanena nīvaraṇappahānaṃ vuttanti kāyānupassanāsatipaṭṭhānassa pahānaṅgaṃ dassitaṃ. ‘‘Ātāpī’’tiādinā pana sampayogaṅgaṃ dassitanti imamatthaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘ātāpī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha abhijjhādomanassānaṃ samatho ujupaṭipakkhoti abhijjhādomanassavinayo vuccamāno samādhindriyaṃ dīpetīti āha – ‘‘vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassanti samādhindriya’’nti (saṃ. ni. aṭṭha. 3.5.367). Ekalakkhaṇattā catunnaṃ indriyānanti yathā vīriyapaññāsamādhindriyehi kāyānupassanāsatipaṭṭhānaṃ ijjhati, evaṃ vedanācittadhammānupassanāsatipaṭṭhānānipi tehi ijjhantīti catusatipaṭṭhānasādhane imesaṃ indriyānaṃ sabhāvabhedābhāvato samānalakkhaṇattā itarāni satipaṭṭhānānipi vuttāni eva hontīti attho.

24. Idāni satipaṭṭhānesu gahitesu sabbesaṃ bodhipakkhiyadhammānaṃ gahitabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘catūsu satipaṭṭhānesū’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha bodhaṅgamāti bodhaṃ ariyamaggañāṇaṃ gacchantīti bodhaṅgamā. Yathāvuttassa bodhassa pakkhe bhavāti bodhipakkhiyā. Neyyānikalakkhaṇenāti ettha nimittato pavattato ca vuṭṭhānaṃ niyyānaṃ, niyyāne niyuttāti neyyānikā, yathā dovārikoti. Niyyānasaṅkhātaṃ vā phalaṃ arahantīti neyyānikā. Niyyānaṃ payojanaṃ etesanti vā neyyānikā. ‘‘Niyyānikā’’tipi pāṭho, tattha niyyānaṃ etesaṃ atthīti niyyānikāti attho. ‘‘Niyyāniyā’’tipi pāṭho, tassa niyyantīti niyyāniyāti attho daṭṭhabbo. Niyyānikalakkhaṇenāti niyyānikasabhāvena.

Evaṃ akusalāpi dhammāti yathā kusalā dhammā ekalakkhaṇabhāvena niddhāritā, evaṃ akusalāpi dhammā ekalakkhaṇaṭṭhena niddhāretabbā. Kathaṃ? Pahānekaṭṭhatāvasenāti dassento ‘‘pahānaṃ abbhatthaṃ gacchantī’’ti āha. Idāni taṃ pahānaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘catūsu satipaṭṭhānesū’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha kāyānupassanādīsu catūsu satipaṭṭhānesu bhāviyamānesu asubhe subhantiādayo cattāro vipallāsā pahīyanti, kabaḷīkārāhārādayo cattāro āhārā cassa pariññaṃ gacchanti, tesaṃ parijānanassa paribandhino kāmarāgādayo byantīkatā hontīti attho, kasmā? Tehi pahātabbabhāvena ekalakkhaṇattāti. Evaṃ sabbattha attho yojetabbo. Tenevāha – ‘‘evaṃ akusalāpi dhammā ekalakkhaṇattā pahānaṃ abbhatthaṃ gacchantī’’ti.

Idāni aññenapi pariyāyena lakkhaṇahārassa udāharaṇāni dassetuṃ ‘‘yattha vā panā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha yatthāti yassaṃ desanāyaṃ. Vā-saddo vikappattho. Panāti padapūraṇo. Rūpindriyanti ruppanasabhāvaṃ aṭṭhavidhaṃ indriyaṃ. Tatthāti tassaṃ desanāyaṃ. Rūpadhātūti ruppanasabhāvā dasa dhātuyo. Rūpāyatananti ruppanasabhāvaṃ dasāyatanaṃ, rūpīni dasāyatanānīti attho. Ruppanalakkhaṇena ekalakkhaṇattā imāni desitānīti adhippāyo. Desitaṃ tattha sukhindriyaṃ somanassindriyaṃ sukhavedanābhāvena ekalakkhaṇattāti adhippāyo.

Dukkhasamudayo ca ariyasaccanti idaṃ akusalassa somanassassa vasena vuttaṃ, sāsavakusalassāpi vasena yujjati eva. Sabbo ca paṭiccasamuppādo desitoti sambandho. Avijjānusayitattā adukkhamasukhāya vedanāya. Vuttañhetaṃ – ‘‘adukkhamasukhāya vedanāya avijjānusayo anusetī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.465). Tathā ca vuttaṃ ‘‘adukkhamasukhāya hi vedanāya avijjā anusetī’’ti. Etena adukkhamasukhāvedanāggahaṇena avijjā gahitāti dasseti. Sati ca avijjāggahaṇe sabbo paṭiccasamuppādo desitoti dassetuṃ ‘‘avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. So cāti ettha ca-saddo byatirekattho, tena so paṭiccasamuppādo anulomapaṭilomavasena duvidhoti imaṃ vakkhamānavisesaṃ joteti. Tesu anulomato paṭiccasamuppādo yathādassito sarāgasadosasamohasaṃkilesapakkhena hātabboti vutto, paṭilomato pana paṭiccasamuppādo yo ‘‘avijjāyatveva asesavirāganirodhā’’tiādinā pāḷiyaṃ (ma. ni. 3.126; mahāva. 1) vutto, taṃ sandhāya ‘‘vītarāgavītadosavītamohaariyadhammehi hātabbo’’ti vuttaṃ.

Idāni ekalakkhaṇatāvibhāvanena lakkhaṇahārayojanāya nayaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘evaṃ ye dhammā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha kiccatoti pathavīādīnaṃ phassādīnañca rūpārūpadhammānaṃ sandhāraṇasaṅghaṭṭanādikiccato, tesaṃ tesaṃ vā paccayadhammānaṃ taṃtaṃpaccayuppannadhammassa paccayabhāvasaṅkhātakiccato. Lakkhaṇatoti kakkhaḷaphusanādisabhāvato. Sāmaññatoti ruppananamanādito aniccatādito khandhāyatanādito ca. Cutūpapātatoti saṅkhatadhammānaṃ bhaṅgato uppādato ca, samānanirodhato samānuppādato cāti attho. Ettha ca sahacaraṇaṃ samānahetutā samānaphalatā samānabhūmitā samānavisayatā samānārammaṇatāti evamādayopi ca-saddena saṅgahitāti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Sesaṃ uttānatthameva.

Lakkhaṇahāravibhaṅgavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.