1. Paccayacatukkaṃ

Tattha yadetaṃ sabbapaṭhame avijjāmūlake naye paccayacatukkaṃ, tasmiṃ paṭhamo nāmarūpaṭṭhāne nāmassa, saḷāyatanaṭṭhāne chaṭṭhāyatanassa ca vuttattā aparipuṇṇaaṅgadvayayutto dvādasaṅgikavāro nāma. Dutiyo nāmarūpaṭṭhāne nāmasseva, saḷāyatanaṭṭhāne ca na kassaci vuttattā aparipuṇṇaekaṅgayutto ekādasaṅgikavāro nāma. Tatiyo saḷāyatanaṭṭhāne chaṭṭhāyatanassa vuttattā paripuṇṇaekaṅgayutto dvādasaṅgikavāro nāma. Catuttho pana paripuṇṇadvādasaṅgikoyeva.

Tattha siyā – ayampi chaṭṭhāyatanapaccayā phassoti vuttattā aparipuṇṇekaṅgayuttoyevāti? Na, tassa anaṅgattā. Phassoyeva hettha aṅgaṃ, na chaṭṭhāyatanaṃ. Tasmā tassa anaṅgattā nāyaṃ aparipuṇṇekaṅgayuttoti. Aṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana vuttaṃ – ‘‘paṭhamo sabbasaṅgāhikaṭṭhena, dutiyo paccayavisesaṭṭhena, tatiyo gabbhaseyyakasattānaṃ vasena, catuttho opapātikasattānaṃ vasena gahito. Tathā paṭhamo sabbasaṅgāhikaṭṭhena, dutiyo paccayavisesaṭṭhena, tatiyo aparipuṇṇāyatanavasena, catuttho paripuṇṇāyatanavasena gahito. Tathā paṭhamo sabbasaṅgāhikaṭṭhena, dutiyo mahānidānasuttantavasena (dī. ni. 2.95 ādayo), tatiyo rūpabhavavasena, catuttho kāmabhavavasena gahito’’ti.

Tattha paṭhamo imesu dutiyādīsu tīsu vāresu na katthaci na pavisatīti sabbasaṅgāhikoti vutto. Sesānaṃ viseso parato āvibhavissati. Tassāvibhāvatthaṃ –

Yaṃ yattha aññathā vuttaṃ, avuttañcāpi yaṃ yahiṃ;

Yaṃ yathā paccayo yassa, taṃ sabbamupalakkhaye.

Tatrāyaṃ nayo – avisesena tāva catūsupi etesu suttantabhājaniye viya saṅkhārāti avatvā saṅkhāroti vuttaṃ, taṃ kasmāti? Ekacittakkhaṇikattā. Tatra hi nānācittakkhaṇiko paccayākāro vibhatto. Idha ekacittakkhaṇiko āraddho. Ekacittakkhaṇe ca bahū cetanā na santīti saṅkhārāti avatvā saṅkhāroti vuttaṃ.

Paṭhamavāre panettha ekacittakkhaṇapariyāpannadhammasaṅgahaṇato sabbaṭṭhānasādhāraṇato ca rūpaṃ chaḍḍetvā ‘‘viññāṇapaccayā nāma’’ntveva vuttaṃ. Tañhi ekacittakkhaṇapariyāpannaṃ sabbaṭṭhānasādhāraṇañca, na katthaci viññāṇappavattiṭṭhāne na pavattati. Yasmā ca ekacittakkhaṇapariyāpanno ekovettha phasso, tasmā tassānurūpaṃ paccayabhūtaṃ āyatanaṃ gaṇhanto saḷāyatanaṭṭhāne ‘‘nāmapaccayā chaṭṭhāyatana’’nti ekaṃ manāyatanaṃyeva āha. Tañhi ekassa akusalaphassassa anurūpaṃ paccayabhūtaṃ. Kāmañcetaṃ saṅkhārapaccayā viññāṇanti etthāpi vuttaṃ, hetuphalavisesadassanatthaṃ pana aṅgapuṇṇatthañca puna idha gahitaṃ. Tatra hi etassa visesena saṅkhāro hetu, avisesena nāmaṃ phalaṃ. Idha panassa avisesena nāmaṃ hetu, visesena phasso phalanti. Sokādayo pana yasmā sabbe ekacittakkhaṇe na sambhavanti, sabbasmiñca cittappavattiṭṭhāne ceva citte ca na pavattanti, tasmā na gahitā. Jātijarāmaraṇāni pana acittakkhaṇamattānipi samānāni cittakkhaṇe antogadhattā aṅgaparipūraṇatthaṃ gahitāni. Evaṃ tāvettha ‘yaṃ aññathā vuttaṃ. Yañca avuttaṃ’ taṃ veditabbaṃ.

Yaṃ panettha ito paresu vāresu vuttaṃ, tassattho vuttanayeneva veditabbo. Yasmiṃ yasmiṃ pana vāre yo yo viseso āgato, taṃ taṃ tattha tattheva pakāsayissāma.

‘Yaṃ yathā paccayo yassā’ti ettha pana saṅkhārassa avijjā sampayuttadhammasādhāraṇehi sahajātaaññamaññanissayasampayuttaatthiavigatapaccayehi chahi hetupaccayena cāti sattadhā paccayo. Tattha yasmā parato hetucatukkādīni tīṇi catukkāni avigatasampayuttaaññamaññapaccayavasena vuttāni, tasmā idha tāni apanetvā avasesānaṃ vasena avijjā saṅkhārassa catudhā paccayoti veditabbo.

Saṅkhāro viññāṇassa sādhāraṇehi chahi, kammāhārapaccayehi cāti aṭṭhadhā paccayo. Idha pana teyeva tayo apanetvā pañcadhā. Viññāṇaṃ nāmassa sādhāraṇehi chahi, indriyāhārādhipatīhi cāti navadhā. Idha pana tayo apanetvā chadhā. Nāmaṃ chaṭṭhāyatanassa sādhāraṇehi chahi. Kiñci panettha adhipatipaccayena, kiñci āhārapaccayādīhīti anekadhā. Idha pana teyeva tayo apanetvā tidhā catudhā pañcadhā vā. Chaṭṭhāyatanaṃ phassassa yathā viññāṇaṃ nāmassa. Evaṃ phasso vedanāya sādhāraṇehi chahi āhārapaccayena cāti sattadhā. Idha pana teyeva tayo apanetvā catudhā. Vedanā taṇhāya sādhāraṇehi chahi jhānindriyapaccayehi cāti aṭṭhadhā. Idha pana teyeva tayo apanetvā pañcadhā. Taṇhā upādānassa, yathā avijjā saṅkhārassa. Evaṃ upādānaṃ bhavassa sādhāraṇehi chahi maggapaccayena cāti sattadhā. Idha pana teyeva tayo apanetvā catudhā. Bhavo jātiyā, yasmā jātīti idha saṅkhatalakkhaṇaṃ adhippetaṃ, tasmā pariyāyena upanissayapaccayeneva paccayo. Tathā jāti jarāmaraṇassāti.

Ye pana evaṃ vadanti – ‘‘imasmiṃ catukke sabbesampi saṅkhārādīnaṃ avijjādayo sahajātapaccayena paccayā honti. Sahajātapaccayavaseneva hi paṭhamavāro āraddho’’ti, te bhavādīnaṃ tathā abhāvaṃ sesapaccayānañca sambhavaṃ dassetvā paṭikkhipitabbā. Na hi bhavo jātiyā sahajātapaccayo hoti, na jāti jarāmaraṇassa. Ye cetesaṃ saṅkharādīnaṃ avasesā paccayā vuttā, tepi sambhavantiyeva. Tasmā na sakkā chaḍḍetunti. Evaṃ tāva paṭhamavāre yaṃ yattha aññathā vuttaṃ, avuttañcāpi yaṃ yahiṃ, yañca yathā yassa paccayo hoti, taṃ veditabbaṃ. Dutiyavārādīsupi eseva nayo.

Ayaṃ pana viseso – dutiyavāre ‘‘nāmapaccayā phasso’’ti vatvā saḷāyatanaṭṭhāne na kiñci vuttaṃ, taṃ kimatthanti? Paccayavisesadassanatthañceva mahānidānadesanāsaṅgahatthañca. Phassassa hi na kevalañca chaṭṭhāyatanameva paccayo, vedanākkhandhādayo pana tayo khandhāpi paccayāyeva. Mahānidānasuttante cassa ‘‘atthi idappaccayā phassoti iti puṭṭhena satā, ānanda, atthītissa vacanīyaṃ. Kiṃ paccayā phassoti? Iti ce vadeyya, nāmapaccayā phassoti iccassa vacanīya’’nti (dī. ni. 2.96). Evaṃ saḷāyatanaṃ chaḍḍetvā ekādasaṅgiko paṭiccasamuppādo vutto. Tasmā imassa paccayavisesassa dassanatthaṃ imissā ca mahānidānasuttantadesanāya pariggahatthaṃ dutiyavāre ‘‘nāmapaccayā phasso’’ti vatvā saḷāyatanaṭṭhāne na kiñci vuttanti. Esa tāva dutiyavāre viseso.

Tatiyavāre pana ‘‘viññāṇapaccayā nāmarūpa’’nti suttantabhājanīye āgatameva catutthamaṅgaṃ vuttaṃ, taṃ ekacittakkhaṇikattā paccayākārassa idha ayuttanti ce? Taṃ nāyuttaṃ. Kasmā? Sakakkhaṇe paccayabhāvato. Sacepi hi tattha rūpaṃ cittakkhaṇato uddhaṃ tiṭṭhati, tathāpissa taṃ viññāṇaṃ sakakkhaṇe paccayo hoti. Kathaṃ? Purejātassa tāva cittasamuṭṭhānassa aññassa vā pacchājātapaccayena. Vuttañcetaṃ ‘‘pacchājātā cittacetasikā dhammā purejātassa imassa kāyassa pacchājātapaccayena paccayo’’ti (paṭṭhā. 1.1.11). Sahajātassa pana cittasamuṭṭhānassa nissayapaccayena paccayo. Yathāha ‘‘cittacetasikā dhammā cittasamuṭṭhānānaṃ rūpānaṃ nissayapaccayena paccayo’’ti (paṭṭhā. 1.1.8).

Yadi evaṃ, purimavāresu kasmā evaṃ na vuttanti? Rūpappavattidesaṃ sandhāya desitattā. Ayañhi paccayākāro rūpappavattidese kāmabhave gabbhaseyyakānañceva aparipuṇṇāyatanaopapātikānañca rūpāvacaradevānañca vasena desito. Tenevettha ‘‘nāmarūpapaccayā saḷāyatana’’nti avatvā chaṭṭhāyatananti vuttaṃ. Tattha nāmaṃ heṭṭhā vuttanayameva. Rūpaṃ pana hadayarūpaṃ veditabbaṃ. Taṃ panetassa chaṭṭhāyatanassa nissayapaccayena ceva purejātapaccayena cāti dvidhā paccayo hotīti esa tatiyavāre viseso.

Catutthavāro pana yonivasena opapātikānaṃ, āyatanavasena paripuṇṇāyatanānaṃ, bhavavasena kāmāvacarasattānaṃ vasena vutto. Tenevettha ‘‘nāmarūpapaccayā saḷāyatana’’nti vuttaṃ. Tattha nāmaṃ chaṭṭhāyatanassa sahajātādīhi, cakkhāyatanādīnaṃ pacchājātapaccayena. Rūpe hadayarūpaṃ chaṭṭhāyatanassa nissayapaccayapurejātapaccayehi, cattāri mahābhūtāni cakkhāyatanādīnaṃ sahajātanissayaatthiavigatehi. Yasmā panesa ekacittakkhaṇiko paccayākāro, tasmā ettha saḷāyatanapaccayāti avatvā ‘‘chaṭṭhāyatanapaccayā phasso’’ti vuttoti ayaṃ catutthavāre viseso.

Evametesaṃ nānākaraṇaṃ ñatvā puna sabbesveva tesu visesena paṭhamakā dve vārā arūpabhave paccayākāradassanatthaṃ vuttāti veditabbā. Arūpabhavasmiñhi rūpena asammissāni paṭiccasamuppādaṅgāni pavattanti. Tatiyo rūpabhave paccayākāradassanatthaṃ vutto. Rūpabhavasmiñhi satipi rūpasammissatte saḷāyatanaṃ na pavattati. Catuttho kāmabhave paccayākāradassanatthaṃ vutto. Kāmabhavasmiñhi sakalaṃ saḷāyatanaṃ pavattati. Tatiyo vā rūpabhave ceva kāmabhave ca aparipuṇṇāyatanānaṃ akusalappavattikkhaṇaṃ sandhāya vutto. Catuttho vā kāmabhave paripuṇṇāyatanānaṃ. Paṭhamo vā sabbatthagāmitaṃ sandhāya vutto. So hi na katthaci cittappavattidese na pavattati. Dutiyo paccayavisesaṃ sandhāya vutto. Ekādasaṅgikattañhettha phassassa ca nāmapaccayattaṃ paccayaviseso. Tatiyo purimayonidvayaṃ sandhāya vutto. Purimāsu hi dvīsu yonīsu so sambhavati, tattha sadā saḷāyatanassa asambhavato. Catuttho pacchimayonidvayaṃ sandhāya vutto. Pacchimāsu hi so dvīsu yonīsu sambhavati, tattha sadā saḷāyatanassa sambhavatoti.

Ettāvatā ca yaṃ vuttaṃ catūsupi vāresu –

Yaṃ yattha aññathā vuttaṃ, avuttañcāpi yaṃ yahiṃ;

Yaṃ yathā paccayo yassa, taṃ sabbamupalakkhayeti.

Gāthāya atthadīpanā katā hoti.

Etenevānusārena, sabbametaṃ nayaṃ ito;

Viseso yo ca taṃ jaññā, catukkesu paresupi.