1. Suttantabhājanīyavaṇṇanā

189. Idāni tadanantare saccavibhaṅge cattārīti gaṇanaparicchedo. Ariyasaccānīti paricchinnadhammanidassanaṃ. Dukkhaṃ ariyasaccantiādimhi pana uddesavāre –

Vibhāgato nibbacana-lakkhaṇādippabhedato;

Atthatthuddhārato ceva, anūnādhikato tathā.

Kamato ariyasaccesu, yaṃ ñāṇaṃ tassa kiccato;

Antogadhānaṃ pabhedo, upamāto catukkato.

Suññatekavidhādīhi, sabhāgavisabhāgato;

Vinicchayo veditabbo, viññunā sāsanakkame.

Tattha ‘vibhāgato’ti dukkhādīnañhi cattāro cattāro atthā vibhattā tathā avitathā anaññathā, ye dukkhādīni abhisamentehi abhisametabbā. Yathāha, ‘‘dukkhassa pīḷanaṭṭho, saṅkhataṭṭho, santāpaṭṭho, vipariṇāmaṭṭho – ime cattāro dukkhassa dukkhaṭṭhā tathā avitathā anaññathā. Samudayassa āyūhanaṭṭho, nidānaṭṭho, saṃyogaṭṭho, palibodhaṭṭho…pe… nirodhassa nissaraṇaṭṭho, vivekaṭṭho, asaṅkhataṭṭho, amataṭṭho…pe… maggassa niyyānaṭṭho, hetvaṭṭho, dassanaṭṭho, ādhipateyyaṭṭho – ime cattāro maggassa maggaṭṭhā tathā avitathā anaññathā’’ti (paṭi. ma. 2.8). Tathā ‘‘dukkhassa pīḷanaṭṭho, saṅkhataṭṭho, santāpaṭṭho, viparināmaṭṭho, abhisamayaṭṭho’’ti (paṭi. ma. 2.11) evamādi. Iti evaṃ vibhattānaṃ catunnaṃ catunnaṃ atthānaṃ vasena dukkhādīni veditabbānīti. Ayaṃ tāvettha vibhāgato vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Nibbacanalakkhaṇādippabhedato’ti ettha pana ‘nibbacanato’ tāva idha ‘du’iti ayaṃ saddo kucchite dissati; kucchitañhi puttaṃ duputtoti vadanti. ‘Khaṃ’saddo pana tucche; tucchañhi ākāsaṃ khanti vuccati. Idañca paṭhamasaccaṃ kucchitaṃ anekaupaddavādhiṭṭhānato, tucchaṃ bālajanaparikappitadhuvasubhasukhattabhāvavirahitato. Tasmā kucchitattā tucchattā ca dukkhanti vuccati. ‘Saṃ’iti ca ayaṃ saddo ‘‘samāgamo sameta’’ntiādīsu (vibha. 199; dī. ni. 2.396) saṃyogaṃ dīpeti; ‘u’iti ayaṃ saddo ‘‘uppannaṃ udita’’ntiādīsu (pārā. 172; cūḷani. khaggavisāṇasuttaniddesa 141) uppattiṃ. ‘Aya’saddo pana kāraṇaṃ dīpeti. Idañcāpi dutiyasaccaṃ avasesapaccayasamāyoge sati dukkhassuppattikāraṇaṃ. Iti dukkhassa saṃyoge uppattikāraṇattā dukkhasamudayanti vuccati.

Tatiyasaccaṃ pana yasmā ‘ni’saddo abhāvaṃ ‘rodha’saddo ca cārakaṃ dīpeti, tasmā abhāvo ettha saṃsāracārakasaṅkhātassa dukkharodhassa sabbagatisuññattā, samadhigate vā tasmiṃ saṃsāracārakasaṅkhātassa dukkharodhassa abhāvo hoti tappaṭipakkhattātipi dukkhanirodhanti vuccati, dukkhassa vā anuppādanirodhapaccayattā dukkhanirodhanti. Catutthasaccaṃ pana yasmā etaṃ dukkhanirodhaṃ gacchati ārammaṇavasena tadabhimukhībhūtattā, paṭipadā ca hoti dukkhanirodhappattiyā, tasmā dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti vuccati.

Yasmā panetāni buddhādayo ariyā paṭivijjhanti, tasmā ariyasaccānīti vuccanti. Yathāha – ‘‘catārimāni, bhikkhave, ariyasaccāni (saṃ. ni. 5.1097). Katamāni…pe… imāni kho, bhikkhave, cattāri ariyasaccāni. Ariyā imāni paṭivijjhanti, tasmā ariyasaccānīti vuccantī’’ti. Apica ariyassa saccānītipi ariyasaccāni. Yathāha – ‘‘sadevake, bhikkhave, loke…pe… sadevamanussāya tathāgato ariyo, tasmā ariyasaccānīti vuccantī’’ti. Atha vā etesaṃ abhisambuddhattā ariyabhāvasiddhitopi ariyasaccāni. Yathāha – ‘‘imesaṃ kho, bhikkhave, catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ yathābhūtaṃ abhisambuddhattā tathāgato arahaṃ sammāsambuddho ‘ariyo’ti vuccatī’’ti. Apica kho pana ariyāni saccānītipi ariyasaccāni; ariyānīti tathāni avitathāni avisaṃvādakānīti attho. Yathāha – ‘‘imāni kho, bhikkhave, cattāri ariyasaccāni tathāni avitathāni anaññathāni, tasmā ariyasaccānīti vuccantī’’ti. Evamettha nibbacanato vinicchayo veditabbo.

Kathaṃ ‘lakkhaṇādippabhedato’? Ettha hi bādhanalakkhaṇaṃ dukkhasaccaṃ, santāpanarasaṃ, pavattipaccupaṭṭhānaṃ. Pabhavalakkhaṇaṃ samudayasaccaṃ, anupacchedakaraṇarasaṃ, palibodhapaccupaṭṭhānaṃ. Santilakkhaṇaṃ nirodhasaccaṃ, accutirasaṃ, animittapaccupaṭṭhānaṃ. Niyyānalakkhaṇaṃ maggasaccaṃ, kilesappahānakaraṇarasaṃ, vuṭṭhānapaccupaṭṭhānaṃ. Apica pavattipavattakanivattinivattakalakkhaṇāni paṭipāṭiyā. Tathā saṅkhatataṇhāasaṅkhatadassanalakkhaṇāni cāti evamettha ‘lakkhaṇādippabhedato’ vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Atthatthuddhārato cevā’ti ettha pana atthato tāva ko saccaṭṭhoti ce? Yo paññācakkhunā upaparikkhamānānaṃ māyāva viparītako, marīcīva visaṃvādako, titthiyānaṃ attāva anupalabbhasabhāvo ca na hoti; atha kho bādhanapabhavasantiniyyānappakārena tacchāviparītabhūtabhāvena ariyañāṇassa gocaro hotiyeva; esa aggilakkhaṇaṃ viya, lokapakati viya ca tacchāviparītabhūtabhāvo saccaṭṭhoti veditabbo. Yathāha – ‘‘idaṃ dukkhanti kho, bhikkhave, tathametaṃ avitathametaṃ anaññathameta’’nti (saṃ. ni. 5.1090) vitthāro. Apica –

Nābādhakaṃ yato dukkhaṃ, dukkhā aññaṃ na bādhakaṃ;

Bādhakattaniyāmena, tato saccamidaṃ mataṃ.

Taṃ vinā nāññato dukkhaṃ, na hoti na ca taṃ tato;

Dukkhahetuniyāmena, iti saccaṃ visattikā.

Nāññā nibbānato santi, santaṃ na ca na taṃ yato;

Santabhāvaniyāmena, tato saccamidaṃ mataṃ.

Maggā aññaṃ na niyyānaṃ, aniyyāno na cāpi so;

Tacchaniyyānabhāvattā, iti so saccasammato.

Iti tacchāvipallāsa-bhūtabhāvaṃ catūsupi;

Dukkhādīsvavisesena, saccaṭṭhaṃ āhu paṇḍitāti.

Evaṃ ‘atthato’ vinicchayo veditabbo.

Kathaṃ ‘atthuddhārato’? Idhāyaṃ ‘sacca’saddo anekesu atthesu dissati, seyyathidaṃ – ‘‘saccaṃ bhaṇe, na kujjheyyā’’tiādīsu (dha. pa. 224) vācāsacce. ‘‘Sacce ṭhitā samaṇabrāhmaṇā cā’’tiādīsu (jā. 2.21.433) viratisacce. ‘‘Kasmā nu saccāni vadanti nānā, pavādiyāse kusalāvadānā’’tiādīsu (su. ni. 891) diṭṭhisacce. ‘‘Ekañhi saccaṃ na dutiyamatthī’’tiādīsu (su. ni. 890) paramatthasacce nibbāne ceva magge ca. ‘‘Catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ kati kusalā’’tiādīsu (vibha. 216) ariyasacce. Svāyamidhāpi ariyasacce vattatīti evamettha ‘atthuddhārato’pi vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Anūnādhikato’ti kasmā pana cattāreva ariyasaccāni vuttāni, anūnāni anadhikānīti ce? Aññassāsambhavato, aññatarassa ca anapaneyyabhāvato; na hi etehi aññaṃ adhikaṃ vā etesaṃ vā ekampi apanetabbaṃ sambhoti. Yathāha – ‘‘idha, bhikkhave, āgaccheyya samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā ‘netaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ, aññaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ yaṃ samaṇena gotamena desitaṃ. Ahametaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ ṭhapetvā aññaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ paññapessāmī’ti netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjatī’’tiādi. Yathā cāha – ‘‘yo hi koci, bhikkhave, samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā evaṃ vadeyya ‘netaṃ dukkhaṃ paṭhamaṃ ariyasaccaṃ, yaṃ samaṇena gotamena desitaṃ. Ahametaṃ dukkhaṃ paṭhamaṃ ariyasaccaṃ paccakkhāya aññaṃ dukkhaṃ paṭhamaṃ ariyasaccaṃ paññapessāmī’ti netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjatī’’tiādi (saṃ. ni. 5.1086).

Apica pavattimācikkhanto bhagavā sahetukaṃ ācikkhi, nivattiñca saupāyaṃ. Iti pavattinivattitadubhayahetūnaṃ etapparamato cattāreva vuttāni. Tathā pariññeyya pahātabba sacchikātabba bhāvetabbānaṃ, taṇhāvatthutaṇhātaṇhānirodhataṇhānirodhupāyānaṃ, ālayālayarāmatāālayasamugghātaālayasamugghātūpāyānañca vasenāpi cattāreva vuttānīti. Evamettha ‘anūnādhikato’ vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Kamato’ti ayampi desanākkamova. Ettha ca oḷārikattā sabbasattasādhāraṇattā ca suviññeyyanti dukkhasaccaṃ paṭhamaṃ vuttaṃ, tasseva hetudassanatthaṃ tadanantaraṃ samudayasaccaṃ, hetunirodhā phalanirodhoti ñāpanatthaṃ tato nirodhasaccaṃ, tadadhigamupāyadassanatthaṃ ante maggasaccaṃ. Bhavasukhassādagadhitānaṃ vā sattānaṃ saṃvegajananatthaṃ paṭhamaṃ dukkhamāha. Taṃ neva akataṃ āgacchati, na issaranimmānādito hoti, ito pana hotīti ñāpanatthaṃ tadanantaraṃ samudayaṃ. Tato sahetukena dukkhena abhibhūtattā saṃviggamānasānaṃ dukkhanissaraṇagavesīnaṃ nissaraṇadassanena assāsajananatthaṃ nirodhaṃ. Tato nirodhādhigamatthaṃ nirodhasampāpakaṃ magganti evamettha ‘kamato’ vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Ariyasaccesu yaṃ ñāṇaṃ tassa kiccato’ti saccañāṇakiccatopi vinicchayo veditabboti attho. Duvidhañhi saccañāṇaṃ – anubodhañāṇañca paṭivedhañāṇañca. Tattha anubodhañāṇaṃ lokiyaṃ anussavādivasena nirodhe magge ca pavattati. Paṭivedhañāṇaṃ lokuttaraṃ nirodhārammaṇaṃ katvā kiccato cattāripi saccāni paṭivijjhati. Yathāha – ‘‘yo, bhikkhave, dukkhaṃ passati dukkhasamudayampi so passati, dukkhanirodhampi passati, dukkhanirodhagāminiṃ paṭipadampi passatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.1100) sabbaṃ vattabbaṃ. Yaṃ panetaṃ lokiyaṃ, tattha dukkhañāṇaṃ pariyuṭṭhānābhibhavanavasena pavattamānaṃ sakkāyadiṭṭhiṃ nivatteti, samudayañāṇaṃ ucchedadiṭṭhiṃ, nirodhañāṇaṃ sassatadiṭṭhiṃ, maggañāṇaṃ akiriyadiṭṭhiṃ; dukkhañāṇaṃ vā dhuvasubhasukhattabhāvarahitesu khandhesu dhuvasubhasukhattabhāvasaññāsaṅkhātaṃ phale vippaṭipattiṃ, samudayañāṇaṃ issarappadhānakālasabhāvādīhi loko pavattatīti akāraṇe kāraṇābhimānappavattaṃ hetumhi vippaṭipattiṃ, nirodhañāṇaṃ arūpalokalokathūpikādīsu apavaggaggāhabhūtaṃ nirodhe vippaṭipattiṃ, maggañāṇaṃ kāmasukhallikaattakilamathānuyogappabhede avisuddhimagge visuddhimaggaggāhavasena pavattaṃ upāye vippaṭipattiṃ nivatteti. Tenetaṃ vuccati –

Loke lokappabhave, lokatthagame sive ca tadupāye;

Sammuyhati tāva naro, na vijānāti yāva saccānīti.

Evamettha ‘ñāṇakiccato’pi vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Antogadhānaṃ pabhedā’ti dukkhasaccasmiñhi, ṭhapetvā taṇhañceva anāsavadhamme ca, sesā sabbadhammā antogadhā; samudayasacce chattiṃsa taṇhāvicaritāni; nirodhasaccaṃ asammissaṃ; maggasacce sammādiṭṭhimukhena vīmaṃsiddhipādapaññindriyapaññābaladhammavicayasambojjhaṅgāni. Sammāsaṅkappāpadesena tayo nekkhammavitakkādayo, sammāvācāpadesena cattāri vacīsucaritāni, sammākammantāpadesena tīṇi kāyasucaritāni, sammāājīvamukhena appicchatā santuṭṭhitā ca, sabbesaṃyeva vā etesaṃ sammāvācākammantājīvānaṃ ariyakantasīlattā sīlassa ca saddhāhatthena paṭiggahetabbattā tesaṃ atthitāya ca atthibhāvato saddhindriyasaddhābalachandiddhipādā, sammāvāyāmāpadesena catubbidhasammappadhānavīriyindriyavīriyabalavīriyasambojjhaṅgāni, sammāsatiapadesena catubbidhasatipaṭṭhānasatindriyasatibalasatisambojjhaṅgāni, sammāsamādhiapadesena savitakkasavicārādayo tayo tayo samādhī, cittasamādhisamādhindriyasamādhibalapītipassaddhisamādhiupekkhāsambojjhaṅgāni antogadhānīti. Evamettha ‘antogadhānaṃ pabhedā’pi vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Upamāto’ti bhāro viya hi dukkhasaccaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ, bhārādānamiva samudayasaccaṃ, bhāranikkhepanamiva nirodhasaccaṃ, bhāranikkhepanūpāyo viya maggasaccaṃ; rogo viya ca dukkhasaccaṃ, roganidānamiva samudayasaccaṃ, rogavūpasamo viya nirodhasaccaṃ, bhesajjamiva maggasaccaṃ; dubbhikkhamiva vā dukkhasaccaṃ, dubbuṭṭhi viya samudayasaccaṃ, subhikkhamiva nirodhasaccaṃ, suvuṭṭhi viya maggasaccaṃ. Apica verīveramūlaverasamugghātaverasamugghātupāyehi, visarukkharukkhamūlamūlupacchedatadupacchedupāyehi, bhayabhayamūlanibbhayatadadhigamupāyehi, orimatīramahoghapārimatīrataṃsampāpakavāyāmehi ca yojetvāpetāni upamāto veditabbānīti. Evamettha ‘upamāto’ vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Catukkato’ti atthi cettha dukkhaṃ na ariyasaccaṃ, atthi ariyasaccaṃ na dukkhaṃ, atthi dukkhañceva ariyasaccañca, atthi neva dukkhaṃ na ariyasaccaṃ. Esa nayo samudayādīsu. Tattha maggasampayuttā dhammā sāmaññaphalāni ca ‘‘yadaniccaṃ taṃ dukkha’’nti (saṃ. ni. 3.15) vacanato saṅkhāradukkhatāya dukkhaṃ na ariyasaccaṃ. Nirodho ariyasaccaṃ na dukkhaṃ. Itaraṃ pana ariyasaccadvayaṃ siyā dukkhaṃ aniccato, na pana yassa pariññāya bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ vussati tathatthena. Sabbākārena pana upādānakkhandhapañcakaṃ dukkhañceva ariyasaccañca aññatra taṇhāya. Maggasampayuttā dhammā sāmaññaphalāni ca yassa pariññatthaṃ bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ vussati tathatthena neva dukkhaṃ na ariyasaccaṃ. Evaṃ samudayādīsupi yathāyogaṃ yojetvā ‘catukkato’pettha vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Suññatekavidhādīhī’ti ettha suññato tāva paramatthena hi sabbāneva saccāni vedakakārakanibbutagamakābhāvato suññānīti veditabbāni. Tenetaṃ vuccati –

Dukkhameva hi na koci dukkhito, kārako na kiriyāva vijjati;

Atthi nibbuti na nibbuto pumā, maggamatthi gamako na vijjatīti.

Atha vā –

Dhuvasubhasukhattasuññaṃ, purimadvayamattasuññamamatapadaṃ;

Dhuvasukhaattavirahito, maggo iti suññato tesu.

Nirodhasuññāni vā tīṇi, nirodho ca sesattayasuñño. Phalasuñño vā ettha hetu samudaye dukkhassābhāvato magge ca nirodhassa, na phalena sagabbho pakativādīnaṃ pakati viya. Hetusuññañca phalaṃ dukkhasamudayānaṃ nirodhamaggānañca asamavāyā, na hetusamavetaṃ hetuphalaṃ hetuphalasamavāyavādīnaṃ dviaṇukādīni viya. Tenetaṃ vuccati –

Tayamidha nirodhasuññaṃ, tayena tenāpi nibbuti suññā;

Suñño phalena hetu, phalampi taṃ hetunā suññanti.

Evaṃ tāva ‘suññato’ vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Ekavidhādīhī’ti sabbameva cettha dukkhaṃ ekavidhaṃ pavattibhāvato, duvidhaṃ nāmarūpato, tividhaṃ kāmarūpārūpūpapatibhavabhedato, catubbidhaṃ catuāhārabhedato, pañcavidhaṃ pañcupādānakkhandhabhedato. Samudayopi ekavidho pavattakabhāvato, duvidho diṭṭhisampayuttāsampayuttato, tividho kāmabhavavibhavataṇhābhedato, catubbidho catumaggappaheyyato, pañcavidho rūpābhinandanādibhedato, chabbidho chataṇhākāyabhedato. Nirodhopi ekavidho asaṅkhatadhātubhāvato, pariyāyena pana duvidho saupādisesaanupādisesato, tividho bhavattayavūpasamato, catubbidho catumaggādhigamanīyato, pañcavidho pañcābhinandanavūpasamato, chabbidho chataṇhākāyakkhayabhedato. Maggopi ekavidho bhāvetabbato, duvidho samathavipassanābhedato dassanabhāvanābhedato vā, tividho khandhattayabhedato. Ayañhi sappadesattā nagaraṃ viya rajjena nippadesehi tīhi khandhehi saṅgahito. Yathāha –

‘‘Na kho, āvuso visākha, ariyena aṭṭhaṅgikena maggena tayo khandhā saṅgahitā. Tīhi ca kho, āvuso visākha, khandhehi ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo saṅgahito. Yā cāvuso visākha, sammāvācā, yo ca sammākammanto, yo ca sammāājīvo – ime dhammā sīlakkhandhe saṅgahitā; yo ca sammāvāyāmo, yā ca sammāsati, yo ca sammāsamādhi – ime dhammā samādhikkhandhe saṅgahitā; yā ca sammādiṭṭhi, yo ca sammāsaṅkappo – ime dhammā paññākkhandhe saṅgahitā’’ti (ma. ni. 1.462).

Ettha hi sammāvācādayo tayo sīlameva. Tasmā te sajātito sīlakkhandhena saṅgahitā. Kiñcāpi hi pāḷiyaṃ sīlakkhandheti bhummena niddeso kato, attho pana karaṇavaseneva veditabbo. Sammāvāyāmādīsu pana tīsu samādhi attano dhammatāya ārammaṇe ekaggabhāvena appetuṃ na sakkoti, vīriye pana paggahakiccaṃ sādhente satiyā ca apilāpanakiccaṃ sādhentiyā laddhūpakāro hutvā sakkoti.

Tatrāyaṃ upamā – yathā hi nakkhattaṃ kīḷissāmāti uyyānaṃ paviṭṭhesu tīsu sahāyesu eko supupphitaṃ campakarukkhaṃ disvā hatthaṃ ukkhipitvāpi gahetuṃ na sakkuṇeyya. Athassa dutiyo onamitvā piṭṭhiṃ dadeyya. So tassa piṭṭhiyaṃ ṭhatvāpi kampamāno gahetuṃ na sakkuṇeyya. Athassa itaro aṃsakūṭaṃ upanāmeyya. So ekassa piṭṭhiyaṃ ṭhatvā ekassa aṃsakūṭaṃ olubbha yathāruci pupphāni ocinitvā piḷandhitvā nakkhattaṃ kīḷeyya. Evaṃsampadamidaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Ekato uyyānaṃ paviṭṭhā tayo sahāyā viya hi ekato jātā sammāvāyāmādayo tayo dhammā, supupphitacampakarukkho viya ārammaṇaṃ, hatthaṃ ukkhipitvāpi gahetuṃ asakkonto viya attano dhammatāya ārammaṇe ekaggabhāvena appetuṃ asakkonto samādhi, piṭṭhiṃ datvā onatasahāyo viya vāyāmo, aṃsakūṭaṃ datvā ṭhitasahāyo viya sati. Yathā tesu ekassa piṭṭhiyaṃ ṭhatvā ekassa aṃsakūṭaṃ olubbha itaro yathāruci pupphaṃ gahetuṃ sakkoti, evameva vīriye paggahakiccaṃ sādhente satiyā ca apilāpanakiccaṃ sādhentiyā laddhūpakāro samādhi sakkoti ārammaṇe ekaggabhāvena appetuṃ. Tasmā samādhiyevettha sajātito samādhikkhandhena saṅgahito. Vāyāmasatiyo pana kiriyato saṅgahitā honti.

Sammādiṭṭhisammāsaṅkappesupi paññā attano dhammatāya ‘aniccaṃ dukkhaṃ anattā’ti ārammaṇaṃ nicchetuṃ na sakkoti, vitakke pana ākoṭetvā ākoṭetvā dente sakkoti. Kathaṃ? Yathā hi heraññiko kahāpaṇaṃ hatthe ṭhapetvā sabbabhāgesu oloketukāmo samānopi na cakkhutaleneva parivattetuṃ sakkoti, aṅgulipabbehi pana parivattetvā parivattetvā ito cito ca oloketuṃ sakkoti; evameva na paññā attano dhammatāya aniccādivasena ārammaṇaṃ nicchetuṃ sakkoti, abhiniropanalakkhaṇena pana āhananapariyāhananarasena vitakkena ākoṭentena viya parivattentena viya ca ādāya ādāya dinnameva nicchetuṃ sakkoti. Tasmā idhāpi sammādiṭṭhiyeva sajātito paññākkhandhena saṅgahitā, sammāsaṅkappo pana kiriyato saṅgahito hoti. Iti imehi tīhi khandhehi maggo saṅgahaṃ gacchati. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘tividho khandhattayabhedato’’ti. Catubbidho sotāpattimaggādivasena.

Apica sabbāneva saccāni ekavidhāni avitathattā abhiññeyyattā vā, duvidhāni lokiyalokuttarato saṅkhatāsaṅkhatato ca, tividhāni dassanabhāvanāhi pahātabbato appahātabbato nevapahātabbanāpahātabbato ca, catubbidhāni pariññeyyādibhedatoti. Evamettha ‘ekavidhādīhi’ vinicchayo veditabbo.

‘Sabhāgavisabhāgato’ti sabbāneva ca saccāni aññamaññaṃ sabhāgāni avitathato attasuññato dukkarapaṭivedhato ca. Yathāha –

‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, ānanda, katamaṃ nu kho dukkarataraṃ vā durabhisambhavataraṃ vā – yo dūratova sukhumena tālacchiggaḷena asanaṃ atipāteyya poṅkhānupoṅkhaṃ avirādhitaṃ, yo vā sattadhā bhinnassa vālassa koṭiyā koṭiṃ paṭivijjheyyā’’ti? ‘‘Etadeva, bhante, dukkaratarañceva durabhisambhavatarañca – yo sattadhā bhinnassa vālassa koṭiyā koṭiṃ paṭivijjheyyā’’ti. ‘‘Tato kho te, ānanda, duppaṭivijjhataraṃ paṭivijjhanti ye idaṃ dukkhanti yathābhūtaṃ paṭivijjhanti…pe… ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti yathābhūtaṃ paṭivijjhantī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.1115).

Visabhāgāni salakkhaṇavavatthānato. Purimāni ca dve sabhāgāni duravagāhatthena gambhīrattā lokiyattā sāsavattā ca, visabhāgāni phalahetubhedato pariññeyyappahātabbato ca. Pacchimānipi dve sabhāgāni gambhīratthena duravagāhattā lokuttarattā anāsavattā ca, visabhāgāni visayavisayībhedato sacchikātabbabhāvetabbato ca. Paṭhamatatiyāni cāpi sabhāgāni phalāpadesato, visabhāgāni saṅkhatāsaṅkhatato. Dutiyacatutthāni cāpi sabhāgāni hetuapadesato, visabhāgāni ekantakusalākusalato. Paṭhamacatutthāni cāpi sabhāgāni saṅkhatato, visabhāgāni lokiyalokuttarato. Dutiyatatiyāni cāpi sabhāgāni nevasekkhānāsekkhabhāvato, visabhāgāni sārammaṇānārammaṇato.

Iti evaṃ pakārehi, nayehi ca vicakkhaṇo;

Vijaññā ariyasaccānaṃ, sabhāgavisabhāgatanti.

Suttantabhājanīyauddesavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

1. Dukkhasaccaniddesavaṇṇanā

Jātiniddeso

190. Idāni saṅkhepato uddiṭṭhāni dukkhādīni vibhajitvā dassetuṃ ayaṃ tattha katamaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ jātipi dukkhāti niddesavāro āraddho. Tattha jāti veditabbā, jātiyā dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo; jarā, maraṇaṃ, soko, paridevo, dukkhaṃ, domanassaṃ, upāyāso, appiyasampayogo, piyavippayogo veditabbo; appiyasampayogassa piyavippayogassa dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo; icchā veditabbā, icchāya dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo; khandhā veditabbā, khandhānaṃ dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo.

Tattha dukkhassa ariyasaccassa kathanatthāya ayaṃ mātikā – idañhi dukkhaṃ nāma anekaṃ nānappakāraṃ, seyyathidaṃ – dukkhadukkhaṃ, vipariṇāmadukkhaṃ, saṅkhāradukkhaṃ, paṭicchannadukkhaṃ, appaṭicchannadukkhaṃ, pariyāyadukkhaṃ, nippariyāyadukkhanti.

Tattha kāyikacetasikā dukkhavedanā sabhāvato ca nāmato ca dukkhattā ‘dukkhadukkhaṃ’ nāma. Sukhavedanā vipariṇāmena dukkhuppattihetuto ‘vipariṇāmadukkhaṃ’ nāma. Upekkhāvedanā ceva avasesā ca tebhūmakā saṅkhārā udayabbayapīḷitattā ‘saṅkhāradukkhaṃ’ nāma. Tathā pīḷanaṃ pana maggaphalānampi atthi. Tasmā ete dhammā dukkhasaccapariyāpannattena saṅkhāradukkhaṃ nāmāti veditabbā. Kaṇṇasūladantasūlarāgajapariḷāhadosajapariḷāhādi kāyikacetasiko ābādho pucchitvā jānitabbato upakkamassa ca apākaṭabhāvato ‘paṭicchannadukkhaṃ’ nāma, apākaṭadukkhantipi vuccati. Dvattiṃsakammakāraṇādisamuṭṭhāno ābādho apucchitvāva jānitabbato upakkamassa ca pākaṭabhāvato ‘appaṭicchannadukkhaṃ’ nāma, pākaṭadukkhantipi vuccati. Ṭhapetvā dukkhadukkhaṃ sesaṃ dukkhasaccavibhaṅge āgataṃ jātiādi sabbampi tassa tassa dukkhassa vatthubhāvato ‘pariyāyadukkhaṃ’ nāma. Dukkhadukkhaṃ ‘nippariyāyadukkhaṃ’ nāma.

Tattha pariyāyadukkhaṃ nippariyāyadukkhanti imasmiṃ padadvaye ṭhatvā dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ kathetabbaṃ. Ariyasaccañca nāmetaṃ pāḷiyaṃ saṅkhepatopi āgacchati vitthāratopi. Saṅkhepato āgataṭṭhāne saṅkhepenapi vitthārenapi kathetuṃ vaṭṭati. Vitthārato āgataṭṭhāne pana vitthāreneva kathetuṃ vaṭṭati, na saṅkhepena. Taṃ idaṃ imasmiṃ ṭhāne vitthārena āgatanti vitthāreneva kathetabbaṃ. Tasmā yaṃ taṃ niddesavāre ‘‘tattha katamaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ? Jātipi dukkhā’’tiādīni padāni gahetvā ‘‘jāti veditabbā, jātiyā dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha jātiādīni tāva ‘‘tattha katamā jāti? Yā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ tamhi tamhi sattanikāye jāti sañjātī’’ti imassa pana padabhājanīyassa vasena veditabbāni.

191. Tatrāyaṃ atthavaṇṇanā – tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānanti ayaṃ saṅkhepato anekesaṃ sattānaṃ sādhāraṇaniddeso. Yā devadattassa jāti, yā somadattassa jātīti evañhi divasampi kathiyamāne neva sattā pariyādānaṃ gacchanti, na sabbaṃ aparatthadīpanaṃ sijjhati. Imehi pana dvīhi padehi na koci satto apariyādinno hoti, na kiñci aparatthadīpanaṃ na sijjhati. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘yā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattāna’’nti. Tamhi tamhīti ayaṃ jātigativasena anekesaṃ sattanikāyānaṃ sādhāraṇaniddeso. Sattanikāyeti sattānaṃ nikāye, sattaghaṭāyaṃ sattasamūheti attho.

Jātīti ayaṃ jātisaddo anekattho. Tathā hesa ‘‘ekampi jātiṃ, dvepi jātiyo’’ti (pārā. 12; ma. ni. 2.257) ettha bhave āgato. ‘‘Atthi visākhe, nigaṇṭhā nāma samaṇajātikā’’ti (a. ni. 3.71) ettha nikāye. ‘‘Tiriyā nāma tiṇajāti nābhiyā uggantvā nabhaṃ āhacca ṭhitā ahosī’’ti (a. ni. 5.196) ettha paññattiyaṃ. ‘‘Jāti dvīhi khandhehi saṅgahitā’’ti (dhātu. 71) ettha saṅkhatalakkhaṇe. ‘‘Yaṃ, bhikkhave, mātukucchimhi paṭhamaṃ cittaṃ uppannaṃ, paṭhamaṃ viññāṇaṃ pātubhūtaṃ, tadupādāya sāvassa jātī’’ti (mahāva. 124) ettha paṭisandhiyaṃ. ‘‘Sampatijāto, ānanda, bodhisatto’’ti (ma. ni. 3.207) ettha pasūtiyaṃ. ‘‘Anupakkuṭṭho jātivādenā’’ti (dī. ni. 1.331) ettha kule. ‘‘Yatohaṃ, bhagini, ariyāya jātiyā jāto’’ti (ma. ni. 2.351) ettha ariyasīle. Idha panāyaṃ savikāresu paṭhamābhinibbattakkhandhesu vattati. Tasmā jāyamānakavasena jātīti idamettha sabhāvapaccattaṃ. Sañjāyanavasena sañjātīti upasaggena padaṃ vaḍḍhitaṃ. Okkamanavasena okkanti. Jāyanaṭṭhena vā jāti, sā aparipuṇṇāyatanavasena yuttā. Sañjāyanaṭṭhena sañjāti, sā paripuṇṇāyatanavasena yuttā. Okkamanaṭṭhena okkanti, sā aṇḍajajalābujavasena yuttā. Te hi aṇḍakosañca vatthikosañca okkamanti, okkamantāpi pavisantā viya paṭisandhiṃ gaṇhanti. Abhinibbattanaṭṭhena abhinibbatti. Sā saṃsedajaopapātikavasena yuttā. Te hi pākaṭā eva hutvā nibbattanti. Ayaṃ tāva sammutikathā.

Idāni paramatthakathā hoti. Khandhā eva hi paramatthato pātubhavanti, na sattā. Tattha ca khandhānanti ekavokārabhave ekassa, catuvokārabhave catunnaṃ, pañcavokārabhave pañcannaṃ gahaṇaṃ veditabbaṃ. Pātubhāvoti uppatti. Āyatanānanti ettha tatra tatra uppajjamānāyatanavasena saṅgaho veditabbo. Paṭilābhoti santatiyaṃ pātubhāvoyeva; pātubhavantāneva hi tāni paṭiladdhāni nāma honti. Ayaṃ vuccati jātīti ayaṃ jāti nāma kathiyati. Sā panesā tattha tattha bhave paṭhamābhinibbattilakkhaṇā, nīyyātanarasā, atītabhavato idha ummujjanapaccupaṭṭhānā, phalavasena dukkhavicittatāpaccupaṭṭhānā vā.

Idāni ‘jātiyā dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo’ti ayañhi jāti sayaṃ na dukkhā, dukkhuppattiyā pana vatthubhāvena dukkhāti vuttā. Kataradukkhassa panāyaṃ vatthūti? Yaṃ taṃ bālapaṇḍitasuttādīsu (ma. ni. 3.246 ādayo) bhagavatāpi upamāvasena pakāsitaṃ āpāyikaṃdukkhaṃ, yañca sugatiyaṃ manussaloke gabbhokkantimūlakādibhedaṃ dukkhaṃ uppajjati, tassa sabbassāpi esā vatthu. Tatridaṃ gabbhokkantimūlakādibhedaṃ dukkhaṃ – ayañhi satto mātukucchimhi nibbattamāno na uppalapadumapuṇḍarīkādīsu nibbattati. Atha kho heṭṭhā āmāsayassa upari pakkāsayassa udarapaṭalapiṭṭhikaṇḍakānaṃ vemajjhe paramasambādhe tibbandhakāre nānākuṇapagandhaparibhāvite asuciparamaduggandhapavanavicarite adhimattajegucche kucchippadese pūtimacchapūtikummāsacandanikādīsu kimi viya nibbattati. So tattha nibbatto dasa māse mātukucchisambhavena usmanā puṭapākaṃ viya paccamāno piṭṭhapiṇḍi viya sediyamāno samiñjanapasāraṇādirahito adhimattaṃ dukkhaṃ paccanubhotīti. Idaṃ tāva ‘gabbhokkantimūlakaṃ’ dukkhaṃ.

Yaṃ pana so mātu sahasā upakkhalanagamananisīdanauṭṭhānaparivattanādīsu surādhuttahatthagato eḷako viya ahiguṇṭhikahatthagato sappapotako viya ca ākaḍḍhanaparikaḍḍhanaodhunananiddhunanādinā upakkamena adhimattaṃ dukkhamanubhavati, yañca mātu sītudakapānakāle sītanarakūpapanno viya, uṇhayāgubhattādiajjhoharaṇakāle aṅgāravuṭṭhisamparikiṇṇo viya, loṇambilādiajjhoharaṇakāle khārāpaṭicchakādikammakāraṇappatto viya tibbaṃ dukkhamanubhoti – idaṃ ‘gabbhapariharaṇamūlakaṃ’ dukkhaṃ.

Yaṃ panassa mūḷhagabbhāya mātuyā mittāmaccasuhajjādīhipi adassanārahe dukkhuppattiṭṭhāne chedanaphālanādīhi dukkhaṃ uppajjati – idaṃ ‘gabbhavipattimūlakaṃ’ dukkhaṃ. Yaṃ vijāyamānāya mātuyā kammajehi vātehi parivattetvā narakapapātaṃ viya atibhayānakaṃ yonimaggaṃ paṭipātiyamānassa paramasambādhena yonimukhena tāḷacchiggaḷena viya nikkaḍḍhiyamānassa mahānāgassa narakasattassa viya ca saṅghāṭapabbatehi vicuṇṇiyamānassa dukkhaṃ uppajjati – idaṃ ‘vijāyanamūlakaṃ’ dukkhaṃ. Yaṃ pana jātassa taruṇavaṇasadisassa sukumārasarīrassa hatthaggahaṇanhāpanadhovanacoḷaparimajjanādikāle sūcimukhakhuradhāravijjhanaphālanasadisaṃ dukkhaṃ uppajjati – idaṃ mātukucchito ‘bahi nikkhamanamūlakaṃ’ dukkhaṃ. Yaṃ tato paraṃ pavattiyaṃ attanāva attānaṃ vadhantassa, acelakavatādivasena ātāpanaparitāpanānuyogamanuyuttassa, kodhavasena abhuñjantassa, ubbandhantassa ca dukkhaṃ hoti – idaṃ ‘attūpakkamamūlakaṃ’ dukkhaṃ.

Yaṃ pana parato vadhabandhanādīni anubhavantassa dukkhaṃ uppajjati – idaṃ ‘parūpakkamamūlakaṃ’ dukkhanti. Iti imassa sabbassāpi dukkhassa ayaṃ jāti vatthumeva hotīti. Tenetaṃ vuccati –

Jāyetha no ce narakesu satto,

Tatthaggidāhādikamappasayhaṃ;

Labhetha dukkhaṃ nu kuhiṃ patiṭṭhaṃ,

Iccāha dukkhāti munīdha jāti.

Dukkhaṃ tiracchesu kasāpatoda-

Daṇḍābhighātādibhavaṃ anekaṃ;

Yaṃ taṃ kathaṃ tattha bhaveyya jātiṃ,

Vinā tahiṃ jāti tatopi dukkhā.

Petesu dukkhaṃ pana khuppipāsā-

Vātātapādippabhavaṃ vicittaṃ;

Yasmā ajātassa na tattha atthi,

Tasmāpi dukkhaṃ muni jātimāha.

Tibbandhakāre ca asayhasīte,

Lokantare yaṃ asuresu dukkhaṃ;

Na taṃ bhave tattha na cassa jāti,

Yato ayaṃ jāti tatopi dukkhā.

Yañcāpi gūthanarake viya mātugabbhe,

Satto vasaṃ ciramato bahi nikkhamanañca;

Pappoti dukkhamatighoramidampi natthi,

Jātiṃ vinā itipi jātirayañhi dukkhā.

Kiṃ bhāsitena bahunā nanu yaṃ kuhiñci,

Atthīdha kiñcidapi dukkhamidaṃ kadāci;

Nevatthi jātivirahe yadato mahesī,

Dukkhāti sabbapaṭhamaṃ imamāha jātinti.

Jarāniddeso

192. Jarāniddese jarāti sabhāvapaccattaṃ. Jīraṇatāti ākāraniddeso. Khaṇḍiccantiādayo tayo kālātikkame kiccaniddesā. Pacchimā dve pakatiniddesā. Ayañhi jarāti iminā padena sabhāvato dīpitā, tenassā idaṃ sabhāvapaccattaṃ. Jīraṇatāti iminā ākārato, tenassāyaṃ ākāraniddeso. Khaṇḍiccanti iminā kālātikkame dantanakhānaṃ khaṇḍitabhāvakaraṇakiccato. Pāliccanti iminā kesalomānaṃ palitabhāvakaraṇakiccato. Valittacatāti iminā maṃsaṃ milāpetvā tace valittabhāvakaraṇakiccato dīpitā. Tenassā ime khaṇḍiccanti ādayo tayo kālātikkame kiccaniddesā. Tehi imesaṃ vikārānaṃ dassanavasena pākaṭībhūtāti pākaṭajarā dassitā. Yatheva hi udakassa vā vātassa vā aggino vā tiṇarukkhādīnaṃ saṃsaggapalibhaggatāya vā jhāmatāya vā gatamaggo pākaṭo hoti, na ca so gatamaggo tāneva udakādīni, evameva jarāya dantādīsu khaṇḍiccādivasena gatamaggo pākaṭo, cakkhuṃ ummīletvāpi gayhati. Na ca khaṇḍiccādīneva jarā; na hi jarā cakkhuviññeyyā hoti.

Āyuno saṃhāni indriyānaṃ paripākoti imehi pana padehi kālātikkameyeva abhibyattāya āyukkhayacakkhādiindriyaparipākasaṅkhātāya pakatiyā dīpitā. Tenassime pacchimā dve pakatiniddesāti veditabbā. Tattha yasmā jaraṃ pattassa āyu hāyati tasmā jarā ‘‘āyuno saṃhānī’’ti phalūpacārena vuttā. Yasmā daharakāle suppasannāni sukhumampi attano visayaṃ sukheneva gaṇhanasamatthāni cakkhādīni indriyāni jaraṃ pattassa paripakkāni āluḷitāni avisadāni oḷārikampi attano visayaṃ gahetuṃ asamatthāni honti, tasmā ‘‘indriyānaṃ paripāko’’ti phalūpacāreneva vuttā.

Sā panesā evaṃ niddiṭṭhā sabbāpi jarā pākaṭā paṭicchannāti duvidhā hoti. Tattha dantādīsu khaṇḍādibhāvadassanato rūpadhammesu jarā ‘pākaṭajarā’ nāma. Arūpadhammesu pana jarā tādisassa vikārassa adassanato ‘paṭicchannajarā’ nāma. Tattha yvāyaṃ khaṇḍādibhāvo dissati, so tādisānaṃ dantādīnaṃ suviññeyyattā vaṇṇoyeva. Taṃ cakkhunā disvā manodvārena cintetvā ‘‘ime dantā jarāya pahaṭā’’ti jaraṃ jānāti, udakaṭṭhāne baddhāni gosiṅgādīni oloketvā heṭṭhā udakassa atthibhāvaṃ jānanaṃ viya. Puna avīci savīcīti evampi ayaṃ jarā duvidhā hoti. Tattha maṇikanakarajatapavāḷacandasūriyādīnaṃ mandadasakādīsu pāṇīnaṃ viya ca pupphaphalapallavādīsu apāṇīnaṃ viya ca antarantarā vaṇṇavisesādīnaṃ dubbiññeyyattā jarā ‘avīcijarā’ nāma, nirantarajarāti attho. Tato aññesu pana yathāvuttesu antarantarā vaṇṇavisesādīnaṃ suviññeyyattā jarā ‘savīcijarā’ nāma.

Tattha savīcijarā upādinnānupādinnakavasena evaṃ dīpetabbā – daharakumārakānañhi paṭhamameva khīradantā nāma uṭṭhahanti, na te thirā. Tesu pana patitesu puna dantā uṭṭhahanti. Te paṭhamameva setā honti, jarāvātena pana pahaṭakāle kāḷakā honti. Kesā pana paṭhamameva tambāpi honti kāḷakāpi setāpi. Chavi pana salohitikā hoti. Vaḍḍhantānaṃ vaḍḍhantānaṃ odātānaṃ odātabhāvo, kāḷakānaṃ kāḷakabhāvo paññāyati, jarāvātena pana pahaṭakāle vaḷiṃ gaṇhāti. Sabbampi sassaṃ vapitakāle setaṃ hoti, pacchā nīlaṃ, jarāvātena pana pahaṭakāle paṇḍukaṃ hoti. Ambaṅkurenāpi dīpetuṃ vaṭṭati eva. Ayaṃ vuccati jarāti ayaṃ jarā nāma kathiyati. Sā panesā khandhaparipākalakkhaṇā, maraṇūpanayanarasā, yobbanavināsapaccupaṭṭhānā.

‘Jarāya dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo’ti ettha pana ayampi sayaṃ na dukkhā, dukkhassa pana vatthubhāvena dukkhāti vuttā. Katarassa dukkhassa? Kāyadukkhassa ceva domanassadukkhassa ca. Jiṇṇassa hi attabhāvo jarasakaṭaṃ viya dubbalo hoti, ṭhātuṃ vā gantuṃ vā nisīdituṃ vā vāyamantassa balavaṃ kāyadukkhaṃ uppajjati; puttadāre yathāpure asallakkhente domanassaṃ uppajjati. Iti imesaṃ dvinnampi dukkhānaṃ vatthubhāvena dukkhāti veditabbā. Apica –

Aṅgānaṃ sithilabhāvā, indriyānaṃ vikārato;

Yobbanassa vināsena, balassa upaghātato.

Vippavāsā satādīnaṃ, puttadārehi attano;

Apasādanīyato ceva, bhīyyo bālattapattiyā.

Pappoti dukkhaṃ yaṃ macco, kāyikaṃ mānasaṃ tathā;

Sabbametaṃ jarāhetu, yasmā tasmā jarā dukhāti.

Maraṇaniddeso

193. Maraṇaniddese cavanakavasena cuti; ekacatupañcakkhandhāya cutiyā sāmaññavacanametaṃ. Cavanatāti bhāvavacanena lakkhaṇanidassanaṃ. Bhedoti cutikhandhānaṃ bhaṅguppattiparidīpanaṃ. Antaradhānanti ghaṭassa viya bhinnassa bhinnānaṃ cutikhandhānaṃ yena kenaci pariyāyena ṭhānābhāvaparidīpanaṃ. Maccu maraṇanti maccusaṅkhātaṃ maraṇaṃ. Kālo nāma antako, tassa kiriyā kālakiriyā. Ettāvatā sammutiyā maraṇaṃ dīpitaṃ hoti.

Idāni paramatthena dīpetuṃ khandhānaṃ bhedotiādimāha. Paramatthena hi khandhāyeva bhijjanti, na satto nāma koci marati. Khandhesu pana bhijjamānesu satto marati bhinnesu matoti vohāro hoti. Ettha ca catupañcavokāravasena khandhānaṃ bhedo, ekavokāravasena kaḷevarassa nikkhepo; catuvokāravasena vā khandhānaṃ bhedo, sesadvayavasena kaḷevarassa nikkhepo veditabbo. Kasmā? Bhavadvayepi rūpakāyasaṅkhātassa kaḷevarassa sambhavato. Yasmā vā cātumahārājikādīsu khandhā bhijjanteva, na kiñci nikkhipati, tasmā tesaṃ vasena khandhānaṃ bhedo. Manussādīsu kaḷevarassa nikkhepo. Ettha ca kaḷevarassa nikkhepakaraṇato maraṇaṃ ‘‘kaḷevarassa nikkhepo’’ti vuttaṃ.

Jīvitindriyassa upacchedoti iminā indriyabaddhasseva maraṇaṃ nāma hoti, anindriyabaddhassa maraṇaṃ nāma natthīti dasseti. ‘Sassaṃ mataṃ, rukkho mato’ti idaṃ pana vohāramattameva. Atthato pana evarūpāni vacanāni sassādīnaṃ khayavayabhāvameva dīpenti. Idaṃ vuccati maraṇanti idaṃ sabbampi maraṇaṃ nāma kathiyati.

Apicettha khaṇikamaraṇaṃ, sammutimaraṇaṃ, samucchedamaraṇanti ayampi bhedo veditabbo. Tattha ‘khaṇikamaraṇaṃ’ nāma pavatte rūpārūpadhammānaṃ bhedo. ‘Tisso mato, phusso mato’ti idaṃ ‘sammutimaraṇaṃ’ nāma. Khīṇāsavassa appaṭisandhikā kālakiriyā ‘samucchedamaraṇaṃ’ nāma. Imasmiṃ panatthe sammutimaraṇaṃ adhippetaṃ. Jātikkhayamaraṇaṃ, upakkamamaraṇaṃ, sarasamaraṇaṃ, āyukkhayamaraṇaṃ, puññakkhayamaraṇantipi tasseva nāmaṃ. Tayidaṃ cutilakkhaṇaṃ, viyogarasaṃ, vippavāsapaccupaṭṭhānaṃ.

‘Maraṇassa dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo’ti ettha pana idampi sayaṃ na dukkhaṃ, dukkhassa pana vatthubhāvena dukkhanti vuttaṃ. Maraṇantikāpi hi sārīrikā vedanā, paṭivāte gahitā ādittatiṇukkā viya, sarīraṃ nidahanti. Narakanimittādīnaṃ upaṭṭhānakāle balavadomanassaṃ uppajjati. Iti imesaṃ dvinnampi dukkhānaṃ vatthubhāvena dukkhanti veditabbaṃ. Api ca –

Pāpassa pāpakammādi, nimittamanupassato;

Bhaddassāpasahantassa, viyogaṃ piyavatthukaṃ.

Mīyamānassa yaṃ dukkhaṃ, mānasaṃ avisesato;

Sabbesañcāpi yaṃ sandhi-bandhanacchedanādikaṃ.

Vitujjamānamammānaṃ, hoti dukkhaṃ sarīrajaṃ;

Asayhamappaṭikāraṃ, dukkhassetassidaṃ yato;

Maraṇaṃ vatthu tenetaṃ, dukkhamicceva bhāsitanti.

Apica imāni jātijarāmaraṇāni nāma imesaṃ sattānaṃ vadhakapaccāmittā viya otāraṃ gavesantāni vicaranti. Yathā hi purisassa tīsu paccāmittesu otārāpekkhesu vicarantesu eko vadeyya – ‘‘ahaṃ asukaaraññassa nāma vaṇṇaṃ kathetvā etaṃ ādāya tattha gamissāmi, ettha mayhaṃ dukkaraṃ natthī’’ti. Dutiyo vadeyya ‘‘ahaṃ tava etaṃ gahetvā gatakāle pothetvā dubbalaṃ karissāmi, ettha mayhaṃ dukkaraṃ natthī’’ti. Tatiyo vadeyya – ‘‘tayā etasmiṃ pothetvā dubbale kate tiṇhena asinā sīsacchedanaṃ nāma mayhaṃ bhāro hotū’’ti. Te evaṃ vatvā tathā kareyyuṃ.

Tattha paṭhamapaccāmittassa araññassa vaṇṇaṃ kathetvā taṃ ādāya tattha gatakālo viya suhajjañātimaṇḍalato nikkaḍḍhitvā yattha katthaci nibbattāpanaṃ nāma jātiyā kiccaṃ. Dutiyassa pothetvā dubbalakaraṇaṃ viya nibbattakkhandhesu nipatitvā parādhīnamañcaparāyaṇabhāvakaraṇaṃ jarāya kiccaṃ. Tatiyassa tiṇhena asinā sīsacchedanaṃ viya jīvitakkhayapāpanaṃ maraṇassa kiccanti veditabbaṃ.

Apicettha jātidukkhaṃ sādīnavamahākantārappaveso viya daṭṭhabbaṃ. Jarādukkhaṃ tattha annapānarahitassa dubbalyaṃ viya daṭṭhabbaṃ. Maraṇadukkhaṃ dubbalassa iriyāpathapavattane vihataparakkamassa vāḷādīhi anayabyasanāpādanaṃ viya daṭṭhabbanti.

Sokaniddeso

194. Sokaniddese byasatīti byasanaṃ; hitasukhaṃ khipati viddhaṃsetīti attho. Ñātīnaṃ byasanaṃ ñātibyasanaṃ; corarogabhayādīhi ñātikkhayo ñātivināsoti attho. Tena ñātibyasanena phuṭṭhassāti ajjhotthaṭassa abhibhūtassa samannāgatassāti attho. Sesesupi eseva nayo. Ayaṃ pana viseso – bhogānaṃ byasanaṃ bhogabyasanaṃ; rājacorādivasena bhogakkhayo bhogavināsoti attho. Rogoyeva byasanaṃ rogabyasanaṃ; rogo hi ārogyaṃ byasati vināsetīti byasanaṃ. Sīlassa byasanaṃ sīlabyasanaṃ; dussīlyassetaṃ nāmaṃ. Sammādiṭṭhiṃ vināsayamānā uppannā diṭṭhiyeva byasanaṃ diṭṭhibyasanaṃ. Ettha ca purimāni dve anipphannāni, pacchimāni tīṇi nipphannāni tilakkhaṇabbhāhatāni. Purimāni ca tīṇi neva kusalāni na akusalāni. Sīladiṭṭhibyasanadvayaṃ akusalaṃ.

Aññataraññatarenāti gahitesu vā yena kenaci aggahitesu vā mittāmaccabyasanādīsu yena kenaci. Samannāgatassāti samanubandhassa aparimuccamānassa. Aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammenāti yena kenaci sokadukkhassa uppattihetunā. Sokoti socanakavasena soko; idaṃ tehi kāraṇehi upajjanakasokassa sabhāvapaccattaṃ. Socanāti socanākaro. Socitattanti socitabhāvo. Antosokoti abbhantare soko. Dutiyapadaṃ upasaggavasena vaḍḍhitaṃ. So hi abbhantare sukkhāpento viya parisukkhāpento viya uppajjatīti ‘‘antosoko antoparisoko’’ti vuccati.

Cetaso parijjhāyanāti cittassa jhāyanākāro. Soko hi uppajjamāno aggi viya cittaṃ jhāpeti paridahati, ‘‘cittaṃ me jhāmaṃ, na me kiñci paṭibhātī’’ti vadāpeti. Dukkhito mano dummano, tassa bhāvo domanassaṃ. Anupaviṭṭhaṭṭhena sokova sallanti sokasallaṃ. Ayaṃ vuccati sokoti ayaṃ soko nāma kathiyati. So panāyaṃ kiñcāpi atthato domanassavedanāva hoti, evaṃ santepi antonijjhānalakkhaṇo, cetaso parinijjhāyanaraso, anusocanapaccupaṭṭhāno.

‘Sokassa dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo’ti ettha pana ayaṃ sabhāvadukkhattā ceva dukkhassa ca vatthubhāvena dukkhoti vutto. Kataradukkhassāti? Kāyikadukkhassa ceva javanakkhaṇe ca domanassadukkhassa. Sokavegena hi hadaye mahāgaṇḍo uṭṭhahitvā paripaccitvā bhijjati, mukhato vā kāḷalohitaṃ nikkhamati, balavaṃ kāyadukkhaṃ uppajjati. ‘‘Ettakā me ñātayo khayaṃ gatā, ettakā me bhogā’’ti cintentassa ca balavaṃ domanassaṃ uppajjati. Iti imesaṃ dvinnaṃ dukkhānaṃ vatthubhāvenapesa dukkhoti veditabbo. Apica –

Sattānaṃ hadayaṃ soko, sallaṃ viya vitujjati;

Aggitattova nārāco, bhusañca ḍahate puna.

Samāvahati ca byādhi-jarāmaraṇabhedanaṃ;

Dukkhampi vividhaṃ yasmā, tasmā dukkhoti vuccatīti.

Paridevaniddeso

195. Paridevaniddese ‘mayhaṃ dhītā, mayhaṃ putto’ti evaṃ ādissa ādissa devanti rodanti etenāti ādevo. Taṃ taṃ vaṇṇaṃ parikittetvā parikittetvā devanti etenāti paridevo. Tato parāni dve dve padāni purimadvayasseva ākārabhāvaniddesavasena vuttāni. Vācāti vacanaṃ. Palāpoti tucchaṃ niratthakavacanaṃ. Upaḍḍhabhaṇitaaññabhaṇitādivasena virūpo palāpo vippalāpo. Lālappoti punappunaṃ lapanaṃ. Lālappanākāro lālappanā. Lālappitassa bhāvo lālappitattaṃ. Ayaṃ vuccati paridevoti ayaṃ paridevo nāma kathiyati. So lālappanalakkhaṇo, guṇadosaparikittanaraso, sambhamapaccupaṭṭhāno.

‘Paridevassa dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo’ti ettha pana ayampi sayaṃ na dukkho, kāyadukkhadomanassadukkhānaṃ pana vatthubhāvena dukkhoti vutto. Paridevanto hi attano khandhaṃ muṭṭhīhi potheti, ubhohi hatthehi uraṃ paharati piṃsati, sīsena bhittiyā saddhiṃ yujjhati. Tenassa balavaṃ kāyadukkhaṃ uppajjati. ‘Ettakā me ñātayo khayaṃ vayaṃ abbhatthaṃ gatā’tiādīni cinteti. Tenassa balavaṃ domanassaṃ uppajjati. Iti imesaṃ dvinnampi dukkhānaṃ vatthubhāvena dukkhoti veditabbo. Apica –

Yaṃ sokasallavihato paridevamāno,

Kaṇṭhoṭṭhatālutalasosajamappasayhaṃ;

Bhiyyodhimattamadhigacchatiyeva dukkhaṃ,

Dukkhoti tena bhagavā paridevamāhāti.

Dukkhadomanassaniddeso

196-7. Dukkhadomanassaniddesā heṭṭhā dhammasaṅgahaṭṭhakathāyaṃ vaṇṇitattā pākaṭā eva. Lakkhaṇādīni pana tesaṃ tattha vuttāneva.

‘Dukkhassa dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo, domanassassa dukkhaṭṭho veditabbo’ti ettha pana ubhayampetaṃ sayañca dukkhattā kāyikacetasikadukkhānañca vatthubhāvena dukkhanti vuttaṃ. Hatthapādānañhi kaṇṇanāsikānañca chedanadukkhena dukkhitassa, anāthasālāyaṃ ucchiṭṭhakapālaṃ purato katvā nipannassa, vaṇamukhehi puḷuvakesu nikkhamantesu balavaṃ kāyadukkhaṃ uppajjati; nānāraṅgarattavatthamanuññālaṅkāraṃ nakkhattaṃ kīḷantaṃ mahājanaṃ disvā balavadomanassaṃ uppajjati. Evaṃ tāva dukkhassa dvinnampi dukkhānaṃ vatthubhāvo veditabbo. Apica –

Pīḷeti kāyikamidaṃ, dukkhaṃ dukkhañca mānasaṃ bhiyyo;

Janayati yasmā tasmā, dukkhanti visesato vuttanti.

Cetodukkhasamappitā pana kese pakiriya urāni patipisenti, āvaṭṭanti, vivaṭṭanti, chinnapapātaṃ papatanti, satthaṃ āharanti, visaṃ khādanti, rajjuyā ubbandhanti, aggiṃ pavisanti. Taṃ taṃ viparītaṃ vatthuṃ tathā tathā vippaṭisārino pariḍayhamānacittā cintenti. Evaṃ domanassassa ubhinnampi dukkhānaṃ vatthubhāvo veditabbo. Apica –

Pīḷeti yato cittaṃ, kāyassa ca pīḷanaṃ samāvahati;

Dukkhanti domanassampi, domanassaṃ tato ahūti.

Upāyāsaniddeso

198. Upāyāsaniddese āyāsanaṭṭhena āyāso; saṃsīdanavisīdanākārappavattassa cittakilamathassetaṃ nāmaṃ. Balavaṃ āyāso upāyāso. Āyāsitabhāvo āyāsitattaṃ. Upāyāsitabhāvo upāyāsitattaṃ. Ayaṃ vuccati upāyāsoti ayaṃ upāyāso nāma kathiyati. So panesa byāsattilakkhaṇo, nitthunanaraso, visādapaccupaṭṭhāno.