7. Niggahītantapulliṅganāmikapadamālā

Atha pubbācariyamataṃ purecaraṃ katvā niggahītantapulliṅgānaṃ bhavanta karontaiccādikassa pakatirūpassa nāmikapadamālaṃ vakkhāma –

Gacchaṃ mahaṃ caraṃ tiṭṭhaṃ, dadaṃ bhuñjaṃ suṇaṃ pacaṃ;

Jayaṃ jaraṃ cavaṃ mīyaṃ, saraṃ kubbaṃ japaṃ vajaṃ.

Gacchaṃ, gacchanto, gacchantā. Gacchantaṃ, gacchante. Gacchatā, gacchantehi, gacchanteti. Gacchato, gacchantassa, gacchantānaṃ, gacchataṃ. Gacchatā, gacchantehi, gacchantebhi. Gacchato, gacchantassa, gacchantānaṃ, gacchataṃ. Gacchati, gacchantesu. Bho gacchaṃ, bho gacchā, bhavanto gacchanto.

Gacchādīni aññāni ca taṃsadisānaṃ evaṃ ñeyyānīti yamakamahātheramataṃ. Kiñcāpettha tatiyekavacanaṭṭhānādīsu ‘‘gacchantena, gacchantā, gacchantasmā, gacchantamhā, gacchantasmiṃ, gacchantamhī’’ti imāni padāni nāgatāni, tathāpi tattha tattha payogadassanato gahetabbāni.

Tatra yamakamahātherena ālapanavacanaṭṭhāneyeva ‘‘gacchanto, mahanto, caranto’’tiādīnaṃ bahuvacanattaṃ kathitaṃ, paccattavacanaṭṭhāne ekavacanattaṃ. Kehici pana paccattavacanaṭṭhāne ekavacanabahuvacanattaṃ, ālapanavacanaṭṭhāne bahuvacanattaṃyeva kathitaṃ. ‘‘Gacchaṃ, mahaṃ, cara’’ntiādīnaṃ pana ālapanaṭṭhāne ekavacanattaṃ. Mayaṃ pana buddhavacane anekāsu cāṭṭhakathāsu ‘‘gacchanto, mahanto’’tiādīnaṃ bahuvacanappayogānaṃ ‘‘gacchaṃ, mahaṃ’’iccādīnañca sānusārālapanekavacanappayogānaṃ adassanato ‘‘gacchanto bhāradvājo. Sa gacchaṃ na nivattati. Mahanto lokasannivāso’’tiādīnaṃ pana paccattekavacanappayogānaññeva dassanato tādisāni rūpāni anijjhānakkhamāni viya maññāma. Niruttipiṭake paccattālapanaṭṭhāne ‘‘mahanto, bhavanto, caranto’’tiādīnaṃ bahuvacanattameva kathitaṃ, na ekavacanattaṃ. Tathā hi tattha ‘‘mahaṃ bhavaṃ caraṃ tiṭṭha’’nti gāthaṃ vatvā ‘‘mahaṃ tiṭṭhati, mahanto tiṭṭhantī’’ti ca, ‘‘bho mahā, bhavanto mahanto’’ti ca, ‘‘bhavaṃ tiṭṭhati, bhavanto tiṭṭhantī’’ti ca ādi vuttaṃ.

Ettha pana ‘‘bhavaṃ, bhavanto’’ti padāni yattha ‘‘honto hontā’’ti kriyatthaṃ na vadanti, tattha ‘‘bhavaṃ kaccāno. Mā bhavanto evaṃ avacutthā’’tiādīsu viya aññasmiṃ atthe patanato ekavacanabahuvacanāni bhavanti, tasmā ‘‘santo sappurisā loke’’ti ettha ‘‘santo’’ti padassa viya ‘‘arahanto sammāsambuddhā’’ti ettha ‘‘arahanto’’ti padassa viya ca ‘‘bhavanto’’ti padassa bahuvacanattaṃ nijjhānakkhamaṃ. ‘‘Mahanto, caranto, tiṭṭhanto’’tiādīnaṃ pana bahuvacanattaṃ na nijjhānakkhamaṃ viya amhe paṭibhāti. Na hi katthacipi ‘‘santo, arahanto, bhavanto’’ti padavajjitānaṃ ‘‘gacchanto, mahanto, caranto’’tiādīnaṃ anekapadasatānaṃ bahuvacanantatāpayoge passāma. Tathā hi –

Bavhatte katthaci ṭhāne, ‘‘jāna’’miccādayo yathā;

Dissanti nevaṃ bavhatte, ‘‘gacchanto’’ itiādayo.

Bavhatte katthaci ṭhāne, ‘‘santo’’ iccādayopi ca;

Dissanti nevaṃ bavhatte, ‘‘gacchanto’’ itiādayo.

‘‘Arahanto’’ti bavhatte, ekanteneva dissati;

Nevaṃ dissanti bavhatte, ‘‘gacchanto’’ itiādayo.

Anekasatapāṭhesu, ‘‘viharanto’’tiādīsu;

Ekassapi bahukatte, pavatti na tu dissati.

Bahuvacananayena, ‘‘gacchanto’’ti padassa hi;

Gahaṇe sati bahavo, dosā dissanti saccato.

Yathekamhi ghare daḍḍhe, daḍḍhā sāmīpikā gharā;

Tathā bavhattavācitte, ‘‘gacchanto’’ti padassa tu.

‘‘Viharanto’’tiādīnaṃ, bavhattavācitā siyā;

Rūpanayo aniṭṭho ca, gahetabbo anekadhā.

Evaṃ santepi yasmā ‘‘niruttipiṭakaṃ nāma pabhinnapaṭisambhidena mahākhīṇāsavena mahākaccāyanena kata’’nti loke pasiddhaṃ, tasmā idaṃ ṭhānaṃ punappunaṃ upaparikkhitabbaṃ. Kiñcāpettha there gāravena evaṃ vuttaṃ, tathāpi pāḷinayaṃ garuṃ katvā diṭṭhenekavacananayena adiṭṭho bahuvacananayo chaḍḍetabbo. Evaṃ sati niggahītantesu nayo sobhano bhavati. Ayaṃ pana amhākaṃ ruci –

‘‘Bhavaṃ karaṃ arahaṃ saṃ, mahaṃ’’ iti padāni tu;

Visadisāni sambhonti, aññamaññanti lakkhaye.

‘‘Gacchaṃ caraṃ dadaṃ tiṭṭhaṃ, cintayaṃ bhāvayaṃ vadaṃ;

Jānaṃ passa’’ntiādīni, sadisāni bhavanti hi.

Tatra ‘‘jāna’’ntiādīni, katthaci parivattare;

Vibhattiliṅgavacana-vasenāti vibhāvaye.

Tatra tāva bhavantasaddassa nāmikapadamālā vuccati – bhavaṃsaddo hi ‘‘vaḍḍhanto, honto’’ti atthepi vadati. Tesaṃ vasena ayaṃ nāmikapadamālā.

Bhavaṃ, bhavanto, bhavantā. Bhavantaṃ, bhavante. Bhavantena, bhavantehi, bhavantebhi. Bhavantassa, bhavantānaṃ. Bhavantā, bhavantasmā, bhavantamhā, bhavantehi, bhavantebhi. Bhavantassa, bhavantānaṃ. Bhavante, bhavantasmiṃ, bhavantamhi, bhavantesu. He bhavanta, he bhavantā.

Tattha ‘‘bhavaṃ, bhavanto’’tiādīnaṃ ‘‘vaḍḍhantohonto’’tiādinā attho daṭṭhabbo. Tathā hi ‘‘suvijāno bhavaṃ hoti. Dhammakāmo bhavaṃ hoti. Rājā bhavanto nānāsampattīhi modati. Kuḷīradaho gaṅgāya ekābaddho, gaṅgāya pūraṇakāle gaṅgodakena pūrati, udake mandī bhavante dahato udakaṃ gaṅgāya otaratī’’ti payogā bhavanti, tasmā ayaṃ nāmikapadamālā sārato paccetabbā. Ettha bhavaṃsaddamattaṃ vajjetvā gacchamānacaramānasaddādīsu viya bhavantasadde ‘‘bhavanto, bhavantā’’ti purisanayopi labbhati, napuṃsakaliṅge vattabbe ‘‘bhavantaṃ, bhavantānī’’ti cittanayopi labbhati. Evaṃ vaḍḍhanabhavanatthavācakassa bhavantasaddassa nāmikapadamālā veditabbā.

Ayañca viseso ‘‘bhavanto’’ti padaṃ vaḍḍhanabhavanatthato aññatthe vattamānaṃ bahuvacanameva hoti, yathā ‘‘bhavanto āgacchantī’’ti. Vaḍḍhanabhavanatthesu vattamānaṃ ekavacanameva. Atrime payogā ‘‘anupubbena bhavanto viññutaṃ pāpuṇāti. Samaṇena nāma īdisesu kammesu abyāvaṭena bhavitabbaṃ, evaṃ bhavanto hi samaṇo susamaṇo assā’’ti. ‘‘Bhavaṃ’’ iti padaṃ pana ubhayatthāpi ekavacanameva, tasmā idāni ‘‘bhavaṃ ānando. Bhavanto āgacchanti, appasaddā bhavanto hontu, mā bhonto saddamakatthā’’ti evamādipayogadassanavasena vohāravisese pavattaṃ aññaṃ atthaṃ paṭicca aparāpi nāmikapadamālā vuccate –

Bhavaṃ, bhavanto, bhonto. Bhavantaṃ, bhavante. Bhavatā, bhotā, bhavantena, bhavantehi, bhavantebhi. Bhavato, bhoto, bhavantassa, bhavantānaṃ, bhavataṃ. Bhavatā, bhotā, bhavantehi, bhavantebhi. Bhavato, bhoto, bhavantassa, bhavantānaṃ, bhavataṃ. Bhavati, bhavante, bhavantasmiṃ, bhavantamhi, bhavantesu. Bho, bhavanto, bhonto iti.

Ettha pana ‘‘bho’’iccādīni tīṇi padāni yasmā vohāravisesapavattāni ālapanapadāni honti, tasmā ‘‘āvuso, bhante’’ti padāni viya bhosaddādiupapadavantāni na bhavanti, ‘‘bho purisa, bhavanto brāhmaṇā, bhonto samaṇā, bho rāja’’iccādīsu hi purisasaddādayoyeva bhosaddādi upapadavanto bhavanti. Idha ca ‘‘bhavaṃ ānando’’ti ettha bhavaṃsaddena samānatthāni ‘‘bho, bhavanto, bhonto’’ti padāni vuttāni, na pana ‘‘dhammakāmo bhavaṃ hotī’’ti ettha bhavaṃsaddena samānatthāni. Paṭhamasmiñhi naye vaḍḍhanatthavasena ‘‘bho bhavanta, bhavanto bhavantā, bhonto bhavantā’’ti bhosaddādayo ālapanapadānaṃ upapadāni bhavanti, na dutiyasmiṃ naye. Āmeḍitavasena pana ‘‘bho bho, bhavanto bhavanto, bhonto bhonto’’ti padāni bhavanti yathā ‘‘bhante bhante’’ti.

Atridaṃ bhūdhātuvasena saṅkhepato pāḷinidassanaṃ – kasmā bhavaṃ vijjanamaraññanissito. Kathaṃ panāhaṃ bho taṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ jānissāmi. Evaṃ bhoti kho ambaṭṭho māṇavo brāhmaṇassa pokkharasātissa paṭissutvā. Mā bhavanto evaṃ avacuttha. Imaṃ bhonto nisāmetha. Evaṃ bho purisa jānāhi, pāpadhammā asaññatā iccevamādi. Ettha ‘‘bhavaṃ’’iccādīni bhūdhātumayāni nāmapadānīti veditabbāni.

Apica tesu ‘‘bho, bhavanto, bhonto’’ti imāni nipātapadānipi hontīti vavatthapetabbaṃ. ‘‘Bho purisā’’tiādīsu tesaṃ nipātānipātabhāve vivādo na karaṇīyo. Kaccāyanasmiñhi ‘‘bho ge tū’’ti vuttaṃ. Aññattha pana ‘‘āmantanatthe nipāto’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tathā hi niruttimañjūsāyaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘bhotidaṃ āmantanatthe nipāto. So na kevalaṃ ekavacanameva hoti, atha kho bahuvacanampi hotīti ‘bho purisā’ti bahuvacanappayogopi gahito. ‘Bhavanto’ti padaṃ pana bahuvacanameva hotīti ‘purisā’ti puna vutta’’nti. Pāḷiyañhi aṭṭhakathāsu ca nipātabhūto bhosaddo ekavacanabahuvacanavasena dvidhā dissati, itare pana bahuvacanavaseneva dissanti. Tesaṃ tu nipātapadatte rūpanipphādanakiccaṃ natthi. Tesu bhosaddassa nipātapadattā āhaccabhāsite nijjīvālapane itthiliṅgavisayo ‘‘ummujja bho puthusile, pariplava bho puthusile’’ti payogopi dissati. Atrimā bhosaddassa pavattiparidīpanī gāthāyo –

‘‘Ito bho sugatiṃ gaccha, manussānaṃ sahabyataṃ’’;

Evamādīsu bhosaddo, ekavacanako mato.

‘‘Passatha bho imaṃ kula-putta’’miccevamādisu;

Bahuvacanako eso, bhosaddoti vibhāvaye.

Puggalālapane ceva, dhammassālapanepi ca;

Nijjīvālapane cāti, bhosaddo tīsu dissati.

Tatra dhammālapanamhi, ekavacova labbhati;

Itaresu siyā deka-vaco bahuvacopi ca.

Nicchitabbaṃ guṇīpadaṃ, dhammassālapane dhuvaṃ;

‘‘Acchariyaṃ vata bho’’ti, idamettha nidassanaṃ.

Icchitabbaṃ guṇīpadaṃ, puggalālapane pana;

‘‘Evaṃ bho purisa jānāhi’’, idamettha nidassanaṃ.

Guṇīpadaṃ asantampi, puggalālapanamhi tu;

Ajjhāharitvā pāvade, atthaṃ ‘‘bho ehi’’ādisu.

Ghaṭādīnaṃ ālapanaṃ, nijjīvālapanaṃ bhave;

Jīvaṃva lokiyā loke, ālapanti kadāci tu.

Nijjīvālapanaṃ appaṃ, atthaviññāpane siyā;

‘‘Ummujja bho puthusile’’, iti pāḷi nidassanaṃ.

Ettha liṅgavipallāsaṃ, keci icchanti paṇḍitā;

Tesaṃ matena bhotīti, liṅgaṃ vipariṇāmaye.

Atha vā pana bhosaddo, nipāto sopadaṃ viya;

Tasmā virodhatā nāssa, tiliṅge vacanadvaye.

Evaṃ santepi bhosaddo, dviliṅgeyeva pāyato;

Yasmā diṭṭho tato viññū, dviliṅgeyeva taṃ vade.

Itthiliṅgamhi sampatte, ‘‘bho’’ti iti payojaye;

Evaṃvidhaṃ payogañhi, suppayogaṃ budhābravuṃ.

Yajjevaṃ duppayogaṃva, siyā tumhehi dassitaṃ;

‘‘Ummujja bho puthusile’’, iccāhaccapadanti ce.

Duppayogaṃ na taṃ yasmā, vohārakusalena ve;

Jinena bhāsite dhamme, duppayogā na vijjare.

Itthiliṅgassa visaye, bhotisaddappayojanaṃ;

Kavīnaṃ pemanīyanti, mayā evamudīritaṃ.

Evaṃ bhavantasaddassa nāmikapadamālā pāḷinayānurūpaṃ dvidhā vibhattā vaḍḍhanabhavanatthatadaññatthavasena.

Karontasaddassa pana –

Karaṃ, karonto, karontā. Karontaṃ, karonte. Karotā, karontena, karontehi, karontebhi. Karoto, karontassa, karontānaṃ, karotaṃ. Karotā, karontā, karontasmā, karontamhā, karontehi, karontebhi. Karoto, karontassa, karontānaṃ, karotaṃ. Karonte, karontasmiṃ, karontamhi, karontesu. Bho karonta, bhavanto karontāti rūpāni bhavanti.

‘‘Karoto na kariyati pāpa’’nti idamettha karotosaddassa atthitānidassanaṃ. Itthiliṅge vattabbe ‘‘karontī, karontiyo’’tiādinā yojetabbāni, napuṃsakaliṅge vattabbe ‘‘karontaṃ, karontānī’’tiādinā yojetabbāni.

Arahantasaddassa –

Arahaṃ, arahanto. Arahantaṃ, arahante. Arahatā, arahantena, arahantehi, arahantebhi. Arahato, arahantassa, arahantānaṃ, arahataṃ. Arahatā, arahantā, arahantasmā, arahantamhā, arahantehi, arahantebhi. Arahato, arahantassa, arahantānaṃ, arahataṃ. Arahante, arahantasmiṃ, arahantamhi, arahantesu. Bho arahanta, bhavanto arahanto iti rūpāni bhavanti.

Ayaṃ guṇavācakassa arahantasaddassa nāmikapadamālā. ‘‘Arahā, arahanto, arahantā’’iti ca. Etañhi rūpaṃ samantapāsādikāyaṃ manussaviggahaṭṭhāne dissati. Uttarimanussadhammapāḷiyaṃ pana ‘‘mayañcamhā anarahanto’’ti padaṃ dissati. Arahantaṃ, arahante. Arahatā, sesaṃ vitthāretabbaṃ. Ayaṃ paṇṇattivācakassa arahantasaddassa nāmikapadamālā.

Tathā hi ‘‘arahaṃ sammāsambuddho. Arahaṃ sugato loke. Arahanto sammāsambuddhā’’tiādīsu arahaṃsaddādayo guṇavācakā. ‘‘Arahā ahosi. Ahañhi arahā loke. Eko arahā, ekasaṭṭhi arahanto loke ahesuṃ.

Gāme vā yadi vāraññe, ninne vā yadi vā thale;

Yattha arahanto viharanti, taṃ bhūmirāmaṇeyyakaṃ.

Mayañcamhā anarahanto’’tiādīsu arahāsaddādayo paṇṇattivācakāti daṭṭhabbā. Idha itthinapuṃsakaliṅgavasena visuṃ vattabbanayo appasiddho. Yadi evaṃ āsavakkhayaṃ pattā itthī kathaṃ vattabbā, āsavakkhayaṃ pattaṃ cittaṃ kathaṃ vattabbanti? Itthī tāva ‘‘yaṃ itthī arahaṃ assa sammāsambuddho’’ti vacanato ‘‘araha’’nti vattabbā guṇavasena, paṇṇattivasena pana ‘‘itthī arahā ahosī’’ti vattabbā. Cittaṃ pana guṇavaseneva ‘‘arahaṃ citta’’nti vattabbanti.

Santasaddassa –

Saṃ, santo, santo, santā. Saṃ, santaṃ, sante. Satā, santena, santehi, santebhi, sabbhi. Sato, santassa, santānaṃ, sataṃ, satānaṃ. Satā, santā, santasmā, santamhā, santehi, santebhi, sabbhi. Sato, santassa, santānaṃ, sataṃ, satānaṃ. Sati, sante, santasmiṃ, santamhi, santesu. Bho santa, bhavanto santoti rūpāni bhavanti.

Ettha pana ‘‘addhā hi tāta satanesa dhammo’’ti jayaddisajātakapāḷidassanato ‘‘satāna’’nti vuttaṃ. Tattha hi satanesāti satānaṃ esāti chedo, rassattaniggahītasaralopavasena ca rūpaniṭṭhānaṃ veditabbaṃ. Tathā hi tadaṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘addhā ekaṃsena esa tāta satānaṃ paṇḍitānaṃ dhammo sabhāvo’’ti attho vutto. Ayaṃ ye loke ‘‘sappurisā’’ti ca ‘‘ariyā’’ti ca ‘‘paṇḍitā’’ti ca vuccanti, tesaṃ vācakassa santasaddassa nāmikapadamālā. Tappaṭisedhassa pana asaṃ, asanto, katthaci asantā iccapi. Tathā hi ‘‘asantā kira maṃ jammā, tāta tātāti bhāsare’’ti pāḷi dissati. ‘‘Asaṃ, asantaṃ, asante. Asatā’’tiādinā yojetabbā. Imasmiṃ atthe ‘‘santo, asanto’’timāni bahuvacanakāniyeva bhavanti, na katthacipi ekavacanakāni. Kasmā? Paṇṇattivācakattā. Aññatra pana ‘‘santo, danto’’tiādīsu ekavacanāniyeva ṭhapetvā vijjamānatthavācakasantosaddaṃ, kasmā? Apaṇṇattivācakattāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Idāni paṇṇattivācakānaṃ tesaṃ kānici payogāni kathayāma –

Sameti asatā asaṃ. Yaṃ yañhi rāja bhajati, santaṃ vā yadi vā asaṃ. Na sā sabhā yattha na santi santo. Asanto nirayaṃ yanti, santo saggaparāyaṇā. Asante nopaseveyya, sante seveyya paṇḍito. Sabbhireva samāsetha. Sataṃ dhammo iccevamādīni bhavanti.

Yo panamhehi padamālāyaṃ ‘‘sabbhī’’ti ayaṃ saddo tatiyāpañcamībahuvacanavasena yojito, so ca kho santaiti akārantapakativasena, aññattha pana ‘‘sabbhī’’ti ikārantapakativasena yojetabbo. Tathā hi sabbhīti sappuriso nibbānañca, sundarādhivacanaṃ vā etaṃ sabbhīti. Sabbo cāyamattho sāṭṭhakathāya ‘‘bahumpetaṃ asabbhi jātavedā’’ti imāya pāḷiyā ‘‘santo have sabbhi pavedayantī’’ti imāya ca dīpetabbo.

Ālapane ca paccatte, tatiyāpañcamīsu ca;

Samāsamhi ca yojeyya, sabbhisaddaṃ sumedhaso.

Atrāyaṃ yojanā – bho sabbhi tiṭṭha, sabbhi tiṭṭhati, sabbhi saha gacchati, sabbhi apehi, asabbhirūpo puriso. Yasmā panāyaṃ sāsanānukūlā, tasmā imissā tadanukūlattaṃ dassetuṃ idha sāsanato payoge dassessāma atakkāvacare vicitte sugatapāḷinaye sotūnaṃ visāradamatipaṭilābhatthaṃ. Taṃ yathā? Bahumpetaṃ asabbhi jātaveda, yaṃ taṃ vāladhinā’bhipūjayāma. Sabbhi kubbetha santhavaṃ. Yaṃ sālavanasmiṃ senako, pāpakammamakari asabbhirūpaṃ. Ābādhoyaṃ asabbhirūpo. Asammodako thaddho asabbhirūpo’’ti. Tattha ālapanavacane diṭṭheyeva paccattavacanaṃ pāḷiyaṃ sarūpato anāgatampi diṭṭhameva hoti. Tathā karaṇavacane diṭṭheyeva nissakkavacanampi diṭṭhameva hoti. Samāse saddarūpe diṭṭheyeva byāse saddarūpaṃ yathāsambhavaṃ diṭṭhameva hoti ṭhapetvā ‘‘hetusatthāradassana’’ntiādīni. Tattha ca nibbānavācako ce, sabbhisaddo itthiliṅgo santivisuddhi nibbutisaddā viya, so ca yamakamahātheramate rattinayena yojetabbo. Sabbesamikārantitthiliṅgānaṃ sādhāraṇo hi so nayo. Sundaratthavācako ce, aggi ratti aṭṭhinayehi yojetabbo vāccaliṅgattā. ‘‘Sabbhidhammabhūtaṃ nibbāna’’nti ettha hi sundaradhammabhūtaṃ nibbānanti attho. Evaṃ pāḷinayavasena ālapanādīsu pañcasu ṭhānesu sabbhisaddassa pavattiṃ ñatvā puna aṭṭhakathānayavasenapi tappavatti veditabbā. Kathaṃ? Yasmā sagāthāvaggassa aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘santo ‘sabbhīhi saddhiṃ sataṃ dhammo na jaraṃ upetī’ti pavedayantī’’ti imasmiṃ padese ‘‘sabbhīhī’’ti hivacanavasena saddaracanāviseso aṭṭhakathācariyehi dassito, tasmā sabbhisaddo sabbesupi vibhattivacanesu yojetabbo. Atridaṃ vadāma –

Garū ‘‘sabbhīhi saddhi’’nti, atthaṃ bhāsiṃsu pāḷiyā;

Yato tato sabbhisaddaṃ, dhīro sabbattha yojaye.

‘‘Asabbhirūpo’’itipi, samāsavisaye sutaṃ;

Yasmā tasmā sabbhisaddaṃ, viññū sabbadhi yojaye.

‘‘Ovadeyyānusāseyya, asabbhā ca nivāraye’’ti ettha pana ‘‘asabbhā’’tipadaṃ vicitravuttīsu taddhitapaccayesu ṇyapaccayavasena nipphattimupāgatanti veditabbaṃ. Kathaṃ? Yebhuyyena asabbhīsu bhavaṃ asabbhaṃ. Kiṃ taṃ? Akusalaṃ, tato asabbhā akusaladhammā nivāraye ca, kusaladhamme patiṭṭhapeyyāti attho. ‘‘Amhe asabbhāhi vācāhi vikkosamānā tibbāhi sattīhi hanissantī’’ti ettha tu asabbhīnaṃ etāti asabbhā, na vā sabbhīnaṃ etātipi asabbhāti nibbacanaṃ, ṇyapaccayavasena ca padasiddhi veditabbā. Yā ca panettha amhehi santasaddassa ‘‘saṃ, santo. Saṃ, santaṃ, sante’’tiādinā padamālā dassitā, tattha ‘‘sameti asatā asa’’nti pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘asa’’nti pade diṭṭheyeva ‘‘sa’’nti padaṃ pāḷiyaṃ anāgatampi diṭṭhameva hoti yugaḷabhāvena vijjamānatārahattā. Evaṃ diṭṭhena adiṭṭhassa gahaṇaṃ veditabbaṃ. Atha vā ‘‘asa’’nti ettha na saṃ asanti samāsaviggahavasenādhigantabbattā ‘‘sa’’miti padaṃ diṭṭhameva hoti. Evamaññatrāpi nayo. Tatra santi sappuriso. Asanti asappuriso. Itthiliṅgevattabbe ‘‘asatī, asā’’ti rūpāni bhavanti. ‘‘Asatī, asatī, asatiyo, asā. Asatiṃ, asatī, asatiyo. Asāya, asatiyā, asatīhi, asatībhi. Asatiyā, asatīna’’nti vakkhamāna itthinayena nāmikapadamālā yojetabbā.

Ettha pana ‘‘asā lokitthiyo nāma, velā tāsaṃ na vijjati. Mā ca vasaṃ asatīnaṃ nigacche’’tiādīni dassetabbāni. Asāti cettha asatīti ca samānatthā, asantajātikāti hi tesaṃ attho. Yasmā pana jātakaṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘asāti asatiyo lāmikā, atha vā sātaṃ vuccati sukhaṃ, taṃ tāsu natthi, attani paṭibaddhacittānaṃ asātameva dentītipi asā, dukkhā, dukkhavatthubhūtāti attho’’ti atthaṃ saṃvaṇṇesuṃ, tasmā sātaṃ natthi etissanti asāti atthe ‘‘asā’’ti padassa yathā ritto assādo etthāti rittassantipadassa luttuttarakkharassa ‘‘rittassaṃ, rittassāni. Rittassa’’nti cittanayena nāmikapadamālā yojetabbā, tathā ‘‘asā, asā, asāyo. Asaṃ, asā, asāyo. Asāyā’’ti kaññānayena yojetabbā.

Ettha ca yo amhehi ‘‘santo’’iti saddo dassito. So katthaci ekavacanabahuvacanabhāvena saṃvijjamānasaddassatthampi vadati, tassa vasena ayaṃ nāmikapadamālā –

Santo, santo, santā. Santaṃ, sante. Satā, santena, santehi, santebhi. Sato, santassa, sataṃ, santānaṃ. Satā, santā, santasmā, santamhā, santehi, santebhi. Sato, santassa, sataṃ, santānaṃ. Sati, sante, santasmiṃ, santamhi, santesu. Bho santa, bhavanto santo, bhavanto santā.

Ettha pana ‘‘ayaṃ kho bhikkhave aṭṭhamo bhaddo assājānīyo santo saṃvijjamāno lokasmiṃ. Cattārome bhikkhave puggalā santo saṃvijjamānā lokasmiṃ. Asatā tucchā musā abhūtena abbhācikkhanti. Bhave kho sati jāti hoti’’iccevamādīni payogāni bhavanti. ‘‘Saṅkhāresu kho sati viññāṇaṃ hotī’’tiādīsu pana satisaddo vacanavipallāsavasena ṭhitoti gahetabbo.

Tatra ekavacanabahuvacanavasena dvidhā ṭhitesu santosaddesu bahuvacanasantosaddaṃ ṭhapetvā sesā samānasaddassatthampi vadanti, tasmā ‘‘santoti samāno, santāti samānā’’tiādinā attho kathetabbo. Samānoti imassa ca ‘‘honto’’ti attho ‘‘pahu samāno vipulatthacintī, kiṃ kāraṇā me na karosi dukkha’’ntiādīsu viya. Payogāni pana –

‘‘Yo mātaraṃ pitaraṃ vā, jiṇṇakaṃ gatayobbanaṃ;

Pahu santo na bharati, taṃ parābhavato mukhaṃ.

Idheva tiṭṭhamānassa, devabhūtassa me sato;

Punarāyu ca me laddho, evaṃ jānāhi mārisā’’ti

Evamādīni bhavanti.

Apica santosaddo yasmā ‘‘kilanto’’ti ca ‘‘upasanto’’ti ca ‘‘niruddho’’ti ca atthaṃ vadati, tasmā tesaṃ vasena santasaddassa ‘‘santo, santā. Santaṃ, sante. Santenā’’ti purisanayena nāmikapadamālā veditabbā. Ettha ca ‘‘santo tasito. Dīghaṃ santassa yojanaṃ. Santo danto niyato brahmacārī. Santo niruddho atthaṅgato abbhatthaṅgato’’tiādīni payogāni. Napuṃsakaliṅge vattabbe ‘‘santaṃ, santānī’’ti cittanayena nāmikapadamālā. Sā ca ‘‘saṃvijjamānaṃ samānaṃ kilantaṃ upasantaṃ niruddha’’miti atthadīpakāpadavatīti veditabbā. Atha vā ‘‘upādāne kho sati bhavo hotī’’tiādīsu napuṃsakappayogadassanato santasaddassa saṃvijjamānasaddatthavācakatte tatiyāpañcamīcatutthīchaṭṭhīsattamīṭhāne ‘‘satā, sato, sataṃ, satī’’ti padāni adhikāni vattabbāni, sesāni cittanayena ñeyyāni. Itthiliṅge pana vattabbe ‘‘santā, santā, santāyo. Santaṃ, santā, santāyo. Santāyā’’ti kaññānayena ca, santī, santī, santiyo. Santiṃ, santī, santiyo. Santiyā’’ti itthinayena ca nāmikapadamālā yojetabbā. Etāsu paṭhamā ‘‘saṃvijjamānā kilantā upasantā niruddhā’’ti atthadīpakāpadavatī, ettha payogā suviññeyyāva. Dutiyā pana ‘‘saṃvijjamānā samānā’’ti atthadīpakāpadavatī. Tathā hi ‘‘santī āpatti āvikātabbā’’ti ettha saṃvijjamānā ‘‘santī’’ti vuccati.

‘‘Yāya mātu bhato poso,

Imaṃ lokaṃ avekkhati;

Tampi pāṇadadiṃ santiṃ,

Hanti kuddho puthujjano’’ti

Ettha pana samānā ‘‘santī’’ti vuccati. Aparāpi itthiliṅge vattabbe padamālā veditabbā. Santīsaddassa hi saṃvijjamānasaddatthavācakatte ‘‘jātiyā kho sati jarāmaraṇaṃ hotī’’tiādinā itthiliṅgappayogadassanato sattamīṭhāne ‘‘sati, satiyā, satiyaṃ, santiyā, santiyaṃ, santīsū’’ti rūpāni vattabbāni. Sesāni itthinayena ñeyyāni. Ayaṃ tatiyā, ettha ca ‘‘asantiyā āpattiyā tuṇhī bhavitabba’’nti pāḷi ‘‘santiyā’’iccādīnaṃ atthibhāve nidassanaṃ. Aparo nayo – satīsaddassa ‘‘samānā’’ti imasmiṃ atthe ‘‘yā tvaṃ vasasi jiṇṇassa, evaṃ dahariyā satī’’ti ca ‘‘ye taṃ jiṇṇassa pādaṃsu, evaṃ dahariyaṃ sati’’nti ca pāḷidassanato ‘‘satī, satī, satiyo. Satiṃ, satī, satiyo. Satiyā’’tiādīnipi rūpāni yojetabbāni, saṃyoge nakāralopavasena vā.

Idāni ‘‘santo, santā’’ti padadvayassa payoganicchayaṃ kathayāma payogesu sotūnaṃ asammūḷhabhāvāya. Tathā hi ‘‘sappurisā’’ti vā ‘‘paṇḍitā’’ti vā bahuvacanavasena atthaṃ vattukāmena ‘‘santo danto’’ti evaṃ vuttaekavacanasadisaṃ ‘‘santo’’ti bahuvacanaṃ vattabbaṃ. ‘‘Saṃvijjamāno’’ti ekavacanavasena atthaṃ vattukāmena ‘‘santo’’ti ekavacanaṃ vattabbaṃ. ‘‘Saṃvijjamānā’’ti bahuvacanavasena atthaṃ vattukāmena ‘‘santo sappurisā’’ti, ‘‘santo saṃvijjamānā’’ti ca evaṃ vuttabahuvacanasadisaṃ ‘‘santo’’ti vā ‘‘santā’’ti vā bahuvacanaṃ vattabbaṃ, ‘‘kilanto’’ti vā ‘‘samāno’’ti vā ‘‘upasanto’’ti vā ‘‘niruddho’’ti vā ekavacanavasena atthaṃ vattukāmena ‘‘santo sappurisā’’ti evaṃ vuttabahuvacanasadisaṃ ‘‘santo’’ti ekavacanaṃ vattabbaṃ. Teyevatthe bahuvacanavasena vattukāmena pana ‘‘santā sūnehi pādehi, ko ne hatthe gahessatī’’ti ettha viya ‘‘santā’’ti bahuvacanaṃ vattabbaṃ. Ayaṃ nīti sādhukaṃ manasi kātabbā. Idañhi mandabuddhīnaṃ sammohaṭṭhānaṃ. Ayampi panettha saṅgaho veditabbo –

‘‘Tiliṅgatthe ca ekatthe, bavhatthepi ca dissati;

Sattamyanto satisaddo, vipallāse bahumhi so’’ti.

Idāni mahantasaddassa nāmikapadamālā vuccate –

Mahaṃ, mahā, mahanto, mahantā. Mahantaṃ, mahante. Mahatā, mahantena, mahantehi, mahantebhi. Mahato, mahantassa, mahantānaṃ, mahataṃ. Mahatā, mahantā, mahantasmā, mahantamhā, mahantehi, mahantebhi. Mahato, mahantassa, mahantānaṃ, mahataṃ. Mahati, mahante, mahantasmiṃ, mahantamhi, mahantesu. Bho maha, bho mahā, bhavanto mahantoti ayamamhākaṃ ruci.

Ettha ‘‘mahanto, mahantā. Mahantaṃ, mahante. Mahantenā’’ti purisanayopi labbhati, tasmā ‘‘bho mahanta, bhavanto mahantā’’ti ālapanapadāni yojetabbāni. Napuṃsakaliṅge vattabbe ‘‘mahantaṃ, mahantānī’’ti cittanayopi labbhati. Itthiliṅge vattabbe ‘‘mahatī, mahatī, mahatiyo. Mahatiṃ, mahatī, mahatiyo. Mahatiyā, mahatīhi mahatībhī’’ti itthinayopi labbhati. ‘‘Mahatiyā ca yakkhasenāyā’’tiādīnettha nidassanapadāni. Aparopi ‘‘mahantā, mahantā, mahantāyo. Mahanta’’nti kaññānayopi labbhati, ‘‘mahantā nidhikumbhiyo’’tiādīnettha nidassanapadāni. Kaccāyane pana ‘‘mahantī’’iti padaṃ diṭṭhaṃ. Taṃ ‘‘guṇavantī, kulavantī’’iccādīni viya pāḷiyaṃ appasiddhattā vīmaṃsitabbaṃ.

Nanu bho yasmā sāsanepi ‘‘gacchantī, carantī’’tiādīni ca ‘‘iddhimantī’’ti ca padaṃ dissati, tasmā ‘‘mahantī, guṇavantī’’tiādīnipi bhavitabbanti? Na bhavitabbaṃ tathārūpassa nayassa vasena aggahetabbattā, ‘‘mahatī, guṇavatī’’iccādinayasseva dassanato ca. Tathā hi pāḷiyaṃ aṭṭhakathāsu ca ‘‘seyyathāpi nāma mahatī naṅgalasīsā, itthī siyā rūpavatī, sā ca sīlavatī siyā. Satimatī cakkhumatī. Iddhimatī pattimatī’’ti ca ‘‘mahatiṃ senaṃ disvā mahosadhasenā mandā, ayaṃ ativiya mahatī senā dissatī’’ti ca ādīni payogāni dissanti, na ‘‘mahantī, rūpavantī’’iccādīni.

Keci pana ‘‘mahāiti saddo byāse na labbhati, samāseyeva labbhati ‘mahāpuriso’ti ettha viyā’’ti vadanti, taṃ na gahetabbaṃ. ‘‘Mahā te upāsaka pariccāgo. Mahā vatāyaṃ bhante bhūmicālo. Ghoso ca vipulo mahā. Bārāṇasirajjaṃ nāma mahā. Senā sādissate mahā’’ti payogadassanato. Evaṃ byāsepi labbhatīti veditabbaṃ, tasmā ‘‘mahaṃ, mahā, mahanto, mahantā. Bho mahanta, bhavanto mahantā’’ti pulliṅge, ‘‘mahantaṃ, mahā, mahantāni. Bho mahanta, bhavanto mahantānī’’ti napuṃsakaliṅge, ‘‘mahantā, mahā, mahantā, mahantāyo. Bhoti mahante, bhotiyo mahantā, mahantāyo’’ti itthiliṅge sabbaṃ sampuṇṇaṃ yojetabbaṃ. Samāse pana ‘‘mahāsatto mahāupāsako mahāupāsikā mahabbalo mahāvanaṃ mahaggataṃ mahapphalaṃ mahabbhaya’’ntiādīni rūpāni bhavanti, taddhite ‘‘mahattano mahattaṃ mahantattaṃ mahantatā’’ti rūpāni bhavanti. Gacchantasaddassa pana ‘‘gacchanto gacchantā’’ti rūpāni vatvā sesāni mahantasadde vuttanayena vitthāretvā nāmikapadamālā veditabbā. Tathā ‘‘gacchanto, gacchantā’’ti purisanayo ca ‘‘gacchantaṃ, gacchantānī’’ti cittanayo ca ‘‘gacchantī, gacchantī, gacchantiyo’’ti itthinayo ca gahetabbo. Evaṃ liṅgattayavasena ‘‘caraṃ caranto carantaṃ carantī, dadaṃ dadanto dadantaṃ dadantī’’tiādīnaṃ anekapadasahassānaṃ nāmikapadamālā vitthāretabbā.

Ye panācariyā ‘‘gacchanto’’tiādīnaṃ paccattālapanabahuvacanattañca ‘‘gacchaṃ’’iccādīnaṃ ālapanekavacanattañca icchanti, te samamhehi payogo sāsane na diṭṭho nayavasenāgahetabbattā. Tasmā tāni ettha na vadāma. Ayaṃ pana viseso diṭṭho. Seyyathidaṃ?

‘‘Gacchaṃ vidhama’’miccādi-padāni munisāsane;

Katthacākhyātikā honti, katthaci pana nāmikā.

‘‘Tassāhaṃ santike gacchaṃ,

So me satthā bhavissati;

Vidhamaṃ deva te raṭṭhaṃ,

Putto vessantaro tava.

Adhammaṃ sārathi kayirā, mañce tvaṃ nikkhanaṃ vane’’;

Iccevamādayo ñeyyā, payogā ettha dhīmatā.

‘‘Gacchissāmi vidhamī’’ti-ādinā jinasāsane;

Nānākālapurisānaṃ, vasenatthaṃ vade vidū.

Nāmatte pana ‘‘gacchanto, vidhamanto’’tiādinā;

‘‘Gaccha’’miccevamādīna-matthamatthavidū vade.

Idāni samagatikattepi ‘‘jānaṃ, passa’’ntiādīnaṃ liṅgavibhattivacanantaravasena yo viseso dissati, taṃ vadāma. Tathā hi ‘‘sā jānaṃyeva āha na jānāmīti, passaṃyeva āha na passāmī’’ti evamādīsu jānaṃ passaṃ saddānaṃ ‘‘jānantī passantī’’ti liṅgantaravasena parivattanaṃ bhavatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Iminā ‘‘gacchaṃ’’iti saddassapi yathāpayogaṃ ‘‘gacchantī’’ti itthiyā kathanattho labbhati tehi samānagatikattā, na ‘‘gacchanto’’ti saddassa ‘‘gacchantī’’ti itthiyā kathanattho labbhati tehi asamānagatikattāti kāraṇaṃ dassitaṃ hoti. ‘‘Api nu tumhe āyasmanto ekantasukhaṃ lokaṃ jānaṃ passaṃ viharathā’’ti ettha ‘‘jānantā passantā’’ti vacanantaravasena parivattanaṃ bhavatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Iminā pana ‘‘gacchaṃ’’iti saddassapi yathāpayogaṃ ‘‘gacchantā’’ti bahuvacanattho labbhati tehi samānagatikattā, na ‘‘gacchante’’ti saddassa ‘‘gacchantā’’ti bahuvacanattho labbhati tehi asamānagatikattāti kāraṇaṃ dassitaṃ hoti. Esa nayo uttaratrāpi. ‘‘Bharanti mātāpitaro, pubbe katamanussara’’nti ettha anussaraṃsaddassa ‘‘anussarantā’’ti vacanantaravasena parivattanaṃ bhavati. ‘‘Saddhammo garukātabbo, saraṃ buddhāna sāsana’’nti ettha saraṃsaddassa sarantenāti vibhattantaravasena parivattanaṃ bhavati. ‘‘Phusaṃ bhūtāni saṇṭhānaṃ, manasā gaṇhato yathā’’ti ettha phusaṃsaddassapi ‘‘phusantassā’’ti vibhattantaravasena parivattanaṃ bhavati. Tathā ‘‘yācaṃ adadamappiyo’’ti etthāpi yācaṃsaddassa ‘‘yācantassā’’ti vibhattantaravasena parivattanaṃ bhavati. Yācanti vā yācitabbaṃ dhanaṃ, iminā nayena nānappakārato parivattanaṃ veditabbaṃ. Iti ‘‘bhavaṃkara’’ntiādīnaṃ visadisapadamālā ca ‘‘gacchaṃ, cara’’ntiādīnaṃ sadisapadamālā ca ‘‘jānaṃ, passa’’ntiādīnaṃ liṅgavibhattivacanantaravasena katthaci parivattananti ayaṃ tividhopi ākāro ākhyātikapadatthavibhāvanāya saddhiṃ kathito pāvacanavare sotūnaṃ saddesvatthesu ca visāradabuddhipaṭilābhatthaṃ. Sabbametañhi sandhāya imā gāthā vuttā –

‘‘Bhavaṃ karaṃ arahaṃ saṃ, mahaṃ’’iti padāni tu;

Visadisāni sambhonti, aññamaññanti lakkhaye.

‘‘Gacchaṃ caraṃ dadaṃ tiṭṭhaṃ, cintayaṃ bhāvayaṃ vadaṃ;

Jānaṃ passa’’ntiādīni, samānāni bhavanti hi.

Tatra ‘‘jāna’’ntiādīnaṃ, katthaci parivattanaṃ;

Liṅgavibhattivacana-ntarato pana dissatīti.

Apica ayaṃ sabbesampi niggahītantapulliṅgānaṃ pakati, yadidaṃ dvīsu liṅgesu chasu vibhattīsu terasasu vacanesu aññataraliṅgavibhattivacanavasena parivattanaṃ. Ayampi panettha nīti veditabbā.

‘‘Gacchaṃ cara’’ntiādīni, vippakatavaco siyuṃ;

‘‘Gacchamāno caramāno’’, iccādīni padāni ca.

‘‘Mahaṃ bhava’’nti etāni, vippakatavacopi ca;

Avippakatavaco ca, siyuṃ atthānurūpato.

‘‘Arahaṃ sa’’nti etāni, vinimuttāni sabbathā;

Ākāraṃ tividhampetaṃ, kare citte sumedhasoti.

Savinicchayoyaṃ niggahītantapulliṅgānaṃ pakatirūpassa nāmikapadamālāvibhāgo.

Ākārantatāpakatikaṃ niggahītantapulliṅgaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ.

Idāni dhanabhūtiiccetassa pakatirūpassa aññesañca taṃsadisānaṃ nāmikapadamālāvibhāgaṃ vakkhāmi pubbācariyamataṃ purecaraṃ katvā.

Aggi, aggī, aggayo. Aggiṃ, aggī, aggayo. Agginā, aggīhi, aggībhi. Aggissa, aggino, aggīnaṃ. Agginā, aggīhi, aggībhi. Aggissa, aggino, aggīnaṃ. Aggismiṃ, aggimhi, aggīsu. Bho aggi, bho aggī, bhavanto aggayo. Yamakamahātheramataṃ.

Ettha kiñcāpi nissakkavacanaṭṭhāne ‘‘aggismā, aggimhā’’ti imāni nāgatāni, tathāpi tattha tattha taṃsadisappayogadassanato gahetabbāni. ‘‘Agginā, aggismā, aggimhā’’ti kamo ca veditabbo.